Introduction al nanotechnologia

• Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular scale.
• The prefix "nano" refers to a small scale size, where 1 nano = 10^-9 meters.
• Technology is the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
• Nano-sized structures are comparable in size to viruses and DNA.
• Nanomedicine applies nanomaterials and nanobiosensors for medical applications.
• Richard Feymen emphasized decreasing object size to enable diverse functionalities at that scale.
• Drexler proposed nanoscale assemblers capable of self-replication and complex atomic specification through mechanosynthesis.
• The scanning tunneling microscope is key for visualizing nanostructures.
• Scanning involves using a sharp metallic tip to scan a substrate, applying voltage, and measuring current flow to see the substrate at the atomic level.
• Fullerenes are molecules composed entirely of carbon, existing as hollow spheres or tubes.
• Spherical fullerenes are called 'bucky balls' and are made from graphite.
• Rolling fullerenes can produce 'bucky tubes' or carbon nanotubes with varying chiralities.
• Fullerenes are important for creating powerful and faster transistors with small sizes.

Tools and Techniques

• Bottom-up techniques involve: Dual Polarization interferometry and Molecular Beam Epitaxy.
• Top-down techniques involve: Atomic force microscopy and Scanning tunneling microscopy.
• Examples of nanomaterials include: Fullerenes, Inorganic nanoparticles
• Nanoparticles' mechanical, optical, magnetic, chemical, and electrical properties change when reducing bulk size to nanosize.
• Nanosctructures are made of different structures such as spheres, tubes, crystals, and shells, example names are nanosphere, nanotube, nanocrystal, and nanoshell.
• Different nanostructures have different functions.

Medical Applications

• Nanotechnology plays a role in drug discovery through nanospheres, solution arrays, and nanobiosensors.
• Nanotechnology influences tissue engineering.
• Nanotechnology is utilized in drug delivery systems like nanoneedles, nano-electro mechanical systems, fullerenes, nanocapsules, nanoshells, nanoporous materials, and dendrimers.
• Research is ongoing for future nanoparticles.
• Nanotechnology involves building of binding sites for specific protein and molecular imprinting techniques in tissue engineering.
• The printing of complete human organs is being researched.

Nanotechnology in Implants

• There are two types of implants: passive and active.
• Passive implants include bone, dental, knee-joint, and hip-joint implants.
• Nanophase material and nanocoatings strengthen passive implants and offer benefits.
• Active implants include cochlear, retinal, and neural implants, as well as pacemakers.
• Electrode nanocoatings are used in active implants to promote neuron growth and efficacy.
• Carbon nanotubes can replace or annex axons in active implants.
• Wavy piezoelectric nanoribbons are used to prolong battery life in pacemakers.

Nanotechnology in Surgery

• Nanotechnology helps minimize mistakes, provide efficacy, and improves surgical procedures.
• Examples include nanocoatings on surgical blades and catheters, nanotweezers, and femtosecond lasers.
• Nanorobots, though not yet implemented, are believed to enhance surgery in the future.

Nanotechnology in Diagnostic Tools

• Biochips include Array Technology, Lab on Chip, and Cell Chip.
• Imaging with nanotechnology offers low toxicity and earlier disease detection.

Nanotechnology in Cancer

• Nanotechnology aids in molecular imaging and early cancer detection.
• Nanotechnology improves in vivo imaging.
• Nanotechnology to report compliance of patient towards cancer therapy
• Nanotechnology helps create multifunctional therapeutic alternatives for cancer.
• Nanotechnology enables cancer prevention and control.
• Nanotechnology is a research enabler for cancer improvement.

Conclusion

• Challenges include cost and manufacturing and consumer perception
• Islamic input: Seek the knowledge, don't do damage on earth, and human can't be immortal