Introducere în Biologie

• Biology is the scientific study of life.
• It explores the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living organisms.
• Biology recognizes cells as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the creation and extinction of species.
• Living organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive.
• Homeostasis is maintaining a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.
• All known life forms share key aspects in their organization and function, including DNA as the hereditary molecule and a carbon-based biochemistry.
• Biology is a broad field comprising many specialized disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, genetics, ecology, and evolutionary biology.
• The study of biology has led to advancements in medicine, agriculture, biotechnology, and conservation.
• Understanding biology is essential for addressing global challenges such as disease, climate change, and food security.
• Biological classification is how scientists group and categorize extinct and living organisms.
• The most modern widely accepted classification system includes three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota.
• These domains include Kingdoms, which include Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
• "Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Stools" is an easy way to memorize this classification breakdown.

Anatomy

• Anatomy is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of living organisms.
• Includes the study of both macroscopic and microscopic structures.
• Macroscopic anatomy, or gross anatomy, involves examining large structures visible to the naked eye, such as organs and bones.
• Microscopic anatomy involves the use of microscopy to study tissues (histology) and cells (cytology).
• Anatomy explains the physical structure of the body, while physiology describes how the body functions.
• Comparative anatomy involves the study of anatomical similarities and differences between different species.
• Many sub-disciplines of anatomy exist.
• These sub-disciplines include comparative anatomy, embryology, and histology.
• Anatomy is closely related to other fields such as physiology, biochemistry, and biomechanics.
• Anatomical knowledge is essential for medical practice, surgery, and various allied health professions.
• Techniques such as dissection, medical imaging (X-rays, CT scans, MRIs), and computer modeling are used in anatomical research and education.
• The anatomical position is the reference point for all anatomical descriptions: body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward.
• Anatomical planes include sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse (axial) planes, which divide the body in specific directions.
• Anatomical directions include superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, and distal, which describe the relative position of structures.
• The human body is organized into different levels, including cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
• There are four primary types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.
• Organ systems include the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
• All organ systems work together to maintain the health of the human body.
• Bones provide support, protect organs, and enable movement.
• Muscles contract to produce movement, maintain posture, and generate heat.
• Nerves transmit electrical signals to and from the brain, coordinating body functions and responses.
• The heart pumps blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to tissues.
• Lungs facilitate gas exchange, bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide.
• The stomach and intestines break down food and absorb nutrients.
• Kidneys filter waste from the blood and produce urine.
• The brain is the control center of the nervous system, responsible for thought, memory, and emotion.
• Skin protects the body from the external environment and regulates temperature.