Intro to Statistics Flashcards 1.1

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Questions and Answers

Define Statistics.

Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing information to draw a conclusion and answer questions.

A(n) _________ is a person or object that is a member of the population being studied.

individual

A(n) ______ is a numerical summary of a sample, and a(n) ______ is a numerical summary of a population.

statistic; parameter

What are variables?

<p>Variables are the characteristics of the individuals within the population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the numerical value '21' in a phone survey of 100 random houses a parameter or a statistic?

<p>Statistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a parameter and a statistic?

<p>A parameter is a numerical description of a population characteristic, while a statistic is a numerical description of a sample characteristic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Determine if the variable 'color of a car driven' is qualitative or quantitative.

<p>Qualitative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Determine if the quantitative variable 'frequency of a guitar note' is discrete or continuous.

<p>Continuous</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a discrete and continuous variable?

<p>A discrete variable has a finite or countable number of values, while a continuous variable has an infinite number of possible values that are not countable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Determine if the variable 'points scored in a college basketball game' is discrete or continuous.

<p>Discrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the level of measurement of the variable 'favorite film'?

<p>Nominal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the level of measurement of the variable 'highest degree conferred'?

<p>Ordinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define an ordinal variable.

<p>A variable is at the ordinal level of measurement if it has the properties of the nominal level and allows for values to be arranged in a ranked order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a nominal variable.

<p>A variable is at the nominal level of measurement if it names, labels, or categorizes without allowing for rankings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define an interval variable.

<p>A variable is at the interval level of measurement if it has the properties of ordinal measurement and the differences in values have meaning, but a value of zero does not mean absence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a ratio variable.

<p>A variable is at the ratio level of measurement if it has the properties of interval measurement and the ratios of values have meaning, with zero indicating absence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a study contacting 1162 adults aged 20 to 90, what is the population?

<p>Adults who are 20 to 90 years of age and live in Europe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the duct tape versus cryotherapy study, what is the sample?

<p>The 60 patients with warts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What identifies the research objective of the duct tape and cryotherapy study?

<p>To determine if duct tape is as effective as cryotherapy in treating warts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the descriptive statistics from the duct tape versus cryotherapy study.

<p>50% of patients in group 1 and 40% of patients in group 2 with complete resolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the conclusion of the duct tape versus cryotherapy study?

<p>Duct tape is significantly more effective than cryotherapy in treating warts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of analyzing zip codes, what is the level of measurement of 'zip code'?

<p>Nominal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Does the level of measurement of the variable 'zip code' change when associating it with population density?

<p>Yes, it changes to ordinal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the research question addressed in the study about protein levels when the heart is stressed?

<p>How is the level of a certain protein associated with a person's health?</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the population in the protein study.

<p>All people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the protein study, what is the sample?

<p>The 1034 patients in the study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the descriptive statistics from the protein study?

<p>People with the highest levels of the protein were 33 times more likely to die than those with the lowest levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the inferences of the protein study?

<p>Higher levels of the protein are associated with worse outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Statistics

The science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data to draw conclusions.

Population vs. Individual

The entire group of individuals to be studied, while an individual is one member of that group.

Statistic vs. Parameter

A statistic is a numerical summary from a sample; a parameter is from the entire population.

Variables

Characteristics that vary among individuals within a population.

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Statistic Example

Describes a characteristic from a subset of a group rather than the whole group.

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Qualitative Variable

Categorizes by descriptive qualities (e.g., color).

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Quantitative Variable

Deals with numerical data that can be counted or measured.

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Discrete Variable

Has a finite or countable number of values.

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Continuous Variable

Can take an infinite number of values within a range.

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Nominal Level

Categorizes without any inherent order.

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Ordinal Level

Categorizes with a ranked order or scale.

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Interval Level

Has meaningful differences between values, but zero does not mean 'nothing'.

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Ratio Level

Has meaningful ratios, and zero indicates the absence of the variable.

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Population (Example)

All the adults aged 20-90 in Europe.

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Sample (Example)

The 1162 adults surveyed.

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Research Objective (Example)

To compare the effectiveness of duct tape versus cryotherapy for warts treatment.

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Descriptive Statistics (Example)

Shows the success rates of each treatment.

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Study Conclusions (Example)

Concluding that duct tape is superior to cryotherapy based on the sample.

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Impact of Variable Definition

Affects the type of analysis you can perform. Example zip code is nominal, if viewed in terms of population density, it changes to ordinal.

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Health Outcome Study

Protein levels' impact on health outcomes.

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Study Result (Protein Levels)

Higher protein levels were significantly associated with increased mortality risk.

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Research Question (Example)

Examining the relationship between protein levels and health outcomes.

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Population (Health Study)

All individuals.

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Sample (Health Study)

The 1034 patients examined in this study.

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Descriptive Statistics (Health)

The protein levels' strong association with mortality.

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What is a Variable?

Characteristics or attributes that can take on different values.

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Descriptive Statistics

Focuses on describing or summarizing data without drawing inferences.

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Inferential Statistics

Involves drawing conclusions or making predictions based on a sample of data.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Statistics

  • Statistics involves the collection, organization, summarization, and analysis of information to draw conclusions and answer questions, including confidence measures in findings.

Population and Individual

  • Population refers to the entire group under study; an individual is a member of that population.

Summary Measures

  • A statistic is a numerical summary derived from a sample, while a parameter is a numerical summary derived from the entire population.

Variables

  • Variables are characteristics of individuals within a population, with variations necessitating statistical analysis.

Parameter vs. Statistic

  • An example illustrates a statistic as it describes a characteristic derived from a sample (e.g., the count of families with garages from a sample of households).

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Variables

  • Qualitative variables categorize characteristics (e.g., car color).
  • Quantitative variables can be discrete (countable) or continuous (not countable).

Discrete vs. Continuous Variables

  • Discrete variables have a finite or countable set of values (e.g., points scored in a game), while continuous variables can take an infinite number of values (e.g., frequency of a guitar note).

Levels of Measurement

  • Nominal: categorizes without order (e.g., favorite film).
  • Ordinal: categorizes with a ranked order (e.g., highest degree conferred).
  • Interval: has meaningful differences, but zero does not indicate absence (e.g., temperature).
  • Ratio: has meaningful ratios, and zero indicates absence, allowing all arithmetic operations (e.g., weight).

Research Studies

  • Identifying population and sample:
    • Population: Adults aged 20-90 in Europe.
    • Sample: 1162 adults surveyed.

Research Objectives

  • Example study objective questioned duct tape's effectiveness compared to cryotherapy for warts treatment.
  • Sample included 60 patients; descriptive statistics showed success rates of treatments.
  • Conclusions indicated duct tape's superiority.

Importance of Variable Definition

  • Clearly defining variables impacts analysis type; zip code is nominal, but if viewed in terms of population density, it changes to ordinal.

Health Outcome Study

  • A study measured protein levels' impact on health over seven years, revealing higher protein levels were significantly associated with increased mortality risk.
  • Addressed research questions focused on protein levels' correlation with health outcomes. Population included all individuals; the sample consisted of 1034 patients, with descriptive statistics highlighting the strong mortality association linked to protein levels.

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