Intro to Renewable & Non-Renewable Energy Sources
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for finding non-conventional energy sources?

  • To reduce energy consumption
  • To decrease the growth rate of a nation
  • To increase the cost of energy
  • To meet the increasing energy demand in the future (correct)

    • According to the classification of energy resources, what are uranium and hydropower?

  • Renewable energy resources
  • Secondary energy resources
  • Non-conventional energy resources
  • Primary energy resources (correct)

    • Why do primary energy resources need to be processed?

  • To increase their energy content
  • To make them usable in their raw form
  • To convert them into a suitable form for use (correct)
  • To make them more expensive

    • What is the definition of energy?

    <p>The capacity of a substance or a body to do work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is energy a key input in economic growth?

    <p>Because energy is a vital input for economic growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to conserve fossil fuels?

    <p>So they can be used for the next generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of the energy policy in India?

    <p>To ensure adequate energy supply at minimum cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the world's electricity is generated from hydro resources?

    <p>23%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much energy is estimated to be generated from ocean tidal energy resources?

    <p>550 billion kW/year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated potential of wind energy?

    <p>1.6 × 10^5 MW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential of ocean thermal energy conversion compared to tidal or wave energy resources?

    <p>More than that of tidal or wave energy resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES)?

    <p>To develop new non-conventional sources of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of power density of sunlight falling per unit area and time?

    <p>Watt per square meter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that maintains the sun's high temperature?

    <p>Fusion reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for solar energy per unit surface area that is striking a body over a specified time?

    <p>Irradiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of processing in the energy sector?

    <p>To transform primary resources into usable energy forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of renewable energy sources?

    <p>They recur in nature and are inexhaustible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current percentage of fossil fuels in the world's energy supply?

    <p>87%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the growing concern over the use of fossil fuels?

    <p>Rapid depletion of fossil fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are non-conventional energy resources being considered?

    <p>To meet the growing demand for energy in a sustainable manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the intensity of solar radiation reaching the Earth's atmosphere vary with distance from the Sun?

    <p>It decreases with the square of the distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the Northern Hemisphere receive 7% more radiation on 21st March and 23rd September?

    <p>Due to the change in the Earth's distance from the Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy received from the Sun per unit time on a unit surface area perpendicular to the direction of solar radiation?

    <p>Solar constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to solar radiation when it passes through the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>It is depleted due to atmospheric absorption and scattering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the solar radiation that reaches the Earth's surface after passing through the atmosphere?

    <p>Terrestrial radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the collimator tube in a pyrheliometer?

    <p>To collect beam radiation from the sun at normal incidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the blackened strip in an Angstrom compensation pyrheliometer?

    <p>To achieve the same temperature as the sensitive solar detector strip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the tracker in a pyrheliometer?

    <p>To keep the collimator tube continuously facing the sun rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the glass sphere in a sunshine recorder?

    <p>To focus the sun's rays sharply as a spot on the recording paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the special coated paper in a sunshine recorder?

    <p>To burn a spot wherever sun's rays fall on it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the latitude of the circles at the poles?

    <p>90º north and 90º south</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distance between each degree of latitude?

    <p>111 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the longitude of the meridian passing through the Royal Astronomical Observatory at Greenwich, UK?

    <p>0º</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angle made by the line joining the centres of the sun and the earth with its projection on the equatorial plane?

    <p>Declination angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time when the sun is at the longitude of the place?

    <p>Solar noon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correction needed due to the difference between the longitude at the location and the longitude of the place whose standard time is used?

    <p>4 min per longitude difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of solar radiation that has high heat content?

    <p>Direct solar energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the instrument used to measure beam radiation?

    <p>Pyrheliometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the circular guard plate in a pyranometer?

    <p>To protect the instrument from direct solar radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the silica gel in a pyranometer?

    <p>To keep the interior of the instrument dry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated lifetime of conventional fuels?

    <p>5-6 decades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key input in economic growth?

    <p>Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are fossil fuels, uranium, and hydropower classified as?

    <p>Primary energy resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are non-conventional energy sources being considered?

    <p>Because of the depleting conventional fuels and their limited availability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of energy resources based on?

    <p>Long-term availability, commercial application, and origin of resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the variation in solar radiation reaching the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>The elliptical orbit of the Earth around the Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the energy received from the Sun per unit time on a unit surface area perpendicular to the direction of solar radiation?

    <p>Solar constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the angle made by the line joining the centres of the sun and the earth with its projection on the equatorial plane?

    <p>Declination Angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to solar radiation when it passes through the Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>It is attenuated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the solar radiation that reaches the Earth's surface after passing through the atmosphere?

    <p>Terrestrial radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of specifying the latitude of a point on the earth's surface?

    <p>To determine the elevation angle of the point above the equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of latitude and longitude in geography?

    <p>To describe the location of a point on the Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the longitude of the meridian passing through the Royal Astronomical Observatory at Greenwich, UK?

    <p>0°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distance between each degree of latitude?

    <p>111 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the time when the sun is at the longitude of the place?

    <p>Solar noon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of potential harnessed from hydro resources?

    <p>20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the energy policy in India?

    <p>To ensure adequate energy supply at minimum cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated potential of biomass energy resources in a year?

    <p>2 × 10²¹ J</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the current installed electrical power generating capacity from geothermal resources?

    <p>7704 MW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated potential of wind energy turbines?

    <p>1.6 × 10⁵ MW</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of the Indian government's encouragement of New and Renewable Source of energy (NRSE)?

    <p>To meet the growing demand of energy without dependence on conventional energy sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate distance of the Earth from the Sun?

    <p>1.495 × 10^11 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main activity of the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES)?

    <p>To develop new non-conventional sources of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the rate at which radiant energy is incident on a unit surface area?

    <p>Irradiance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that maintains the Sun's high temperature?

    <p>Fusion reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using renewable energy sources?

    <p>They produce minimal or no greenhouse gas emissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the world's energy supply primarily comes from fossil fuels?

    <p>87%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the growing concern over the use of fossil fuels?

    <p>They are depleting rapidly and causing environmental pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using renewable energy sources in terms of cost?

    <p>They have no fuel costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of non-conventional energy resources?

    <p>They are an alternative to conventional energy resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correction needed due to the difference between the longitude at the location and the longitude of the place whose standard time is used?

    <p>A correction of 4 min per longitude difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the shading ring in a pyranometer?

    <p>To measure diffuse radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the instrument used to measure global radiation?

    <p>Pyranometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the circular guard plate in a pyranometer?

    <p>To prevent direct solar radiation from reaching the detector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the Earth's atmosphere on solar radiation?

    <p>It scatters solar radiation in all directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thermopile in a pyranometer?

    <p>To convert radiation into a voltage output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the diaphragm along the length of the collimator tube in a pyrheliometer?

    <p>To absorb any radiation entering the tube at any angle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the blackened strip in an Angstrom compensation pyrheliometer?

    <p>To achieve the same temperature as the sensitive solar detector strip</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the glass sphere in a sunshine recorder?

    <p>To focus sun's rays sharply as a spot on the recording paper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the special coated paper in a sunshine recorder?

    <p>To burn a spot wherever sun's rays fall on it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Topic: Introduction to Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Sources

    • Energy resources are the main sources of energy from which energy can be extracted and utilized for mankind.
    • Energy is a key input in economic growth, and the growth of a nation largely depends on the availability of energy resources.
    • Conventional energy resources (e.g., coal, wood, diesel, petrol, natural gas) are depleting and may last for only 5-6 decades.
    • There is a need to find non-conventional energy sources (e.g., solar, wind, tidal, geothermal) to meet the major part of energy demand in the future.

    Classification of Energy Resources

    • Primary energy resources: resources available in nature in their raw form (e.g., fossil fuels, uranium, hydropower).
    • Secondary energy resources: obtained from primary energy resources by processing (e.g., electricity, steam, hot water, petrol, diesel, LNG, CNG).

    Conventional and Non-Conventional Energy Resources

    • Conventional energy resources: energy resources that have been traditionally used for many years (e.g., fossil fuels).
    • Non-conventional energy resources: alternate energy resources to conventional energy resources (e.g., solar, wind, tidal, geothermal).

    Need for Renewable Energy

    • Renewable energy sources (e.g., solar, wind, hydro, geothermal) produce minimal or no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, helping to mitigate climate change.
    • Advantages of renewable energy sources:
      • Recur in nature and are inexhaustible.
      • No fuel cost, hence negligible running cost.
      • Low energy density, minimal pollution and ecological balance problems.
      • Can help save foreign exchange and generate local employment.
      • Flexible and modular technology, can be rapidly deployed.

    Indian and Global Energy Resources

    • The world's energy supply primarily comes from fossil fuels (87%).
    • India's use of fossil fuels constitutes more than 90% of its total energy consumption.
    • Importance of non-conventional energy resources:
      • Increasing demand for energy due to industrialization and population growth.
      • Conventional energy resources are depleting fast.
      • Conventional energy resources (fossil fuels) cause pollution, thereby degrading the environment.

    Energy Policy in India

    • Features of India's energy policy:
      • Accelerated exploitation of domestic conventional energy resources.
      • Intensification of exploration to achieve indigenous production of oils and gases.
      • Management of demand for oil and other forms of energy.
      • Energy conservation and management.
      • Optimum utilization of existing capacity in the country.
      • Development and exploitation of renewable sources of energy.

    World Energy Status

    • Conventional resources:
      • Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) are a major source of energy.
      • Hydro resources are renewable and non-polluting.
    • Non-conventional sources:
      • Solar energy is a major source of power, with an estimated potential of 178 billion MW.
      • Wind energy is the most economical energy resource.
      • Biomass energy resources consist of wood, leaves, and forest industry waste.
      • Geothermal energy has a potential of about 7704 MW installed electrical power generating capacity.

    Indian Energy Scenario

    • India's energy scenario:
      • Enormous demand for electricity due to economic growth.
      • Government encouragement of New and Renewable Source of energy (NRSE) to meet growing demand.
      • Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (DNES) was set up to develop new non-conventional sources of energy.

    Solar Radiation

    • The sun is the largest member of our solar system.
    • Solar energy is the radiated heat energy from the sun, providing energy needed to sustain life in our solar system.
    • Irradiance: the rate at which radiant energy is incident on a unit surface area.
    • Irradiation: the solar energy per unit surface area striking a body over a specified time.

    Extra-terrestrial Radiation and Solar Constant

    • Extra-terrestrial radiation: solar radiation incident on the outer atmosphere of the earth.
    • Solar constant: defined as the energy received from the sun per unit time on a unit surface area perpendicular to the direction of propagation of solar radiation at the top of earth's atmosphere.

    Terrestrial Radiation

    • Terrestrial radiation: solar radiation that reaches earth's surface after passing through earth's atmosphere.
    • Beam radiation: solar radiation along the line joining the receiving point and the sun.
    • Diffuse radiation: solar radiation scattered by particles in earth's atmosphere.
    • Total or global radiation: the sum of beam radiation and diffuse radiation.

    Latitude and Longitude

    • Latitude: the angle subtended by the radial line joining the place to the centre of the earth, with the projection of the line on the equatorial plane.
    • Longitude: measures distance east or west of the prime meridian.

    Basic Sun-Earth Angles

    • Latitude: measures the angle subtended by the radial line joining the place to the centre of the earth, with the projection of the line on the equatorial plane.
    • Longitude: measures the distance east or west of the prime meridian.### Solar Angles
    • Declination Angle: the angle between the line joining the centers of the sun and the earth, and its projection on the equatorial plane, varying from +23.5° to -23.5°.
    • Hour Angle: the angle through which the earth must be rotated to bring the meridian of the plane directly under the sun, equal to 150° per hour.
    • Incident Angle: the angle between the beam of rays and the normal to the plane.
    • Tilt Angle: the angle made by the plane surface with the horizontal.
    • Zenith Angle: the angle between the sun's ray and the normal to the horizontal plane.
    • Solar Azimuth Angle: the angle between the projection of the sun's ray to the point on the horizontal plane and the line due south passing through that point.
    • Angle of Incidence: the angle formed between the direction of the sun ray and the line normal to the surface.
    • Surface Azimuth Angle: the angle in the horizontal plane between the line due south and the horizontal projection of the normal to the inclined plane surface.

    Local Apparent Time (LAT)

    • LAT is the time used for determining the hour angle, depending on the longitude of the place.
    • LAT can be calculated from standard time by applying two corrections:
      • Correction due to the difference between the longitude at the location and the longitude of the place whose standard time is used.
      • Time correction due to small fluctuations in the earth's orbit and rate of rotation.

    Measurements of Solar Radiation Data

    • Solar radiation consists of two components: direct solar energy and diffuse solar energy.
    • Direct solar energy: energy reaching the earth's surface with the sun's beam, having high heat content and causing sunburn.
    • Diffuse solar energy: energy formed due to atmosphere attenuation, scattering, and beam redirection, propagating uniformly in all directions.

    Measuring Solar Radiation Data

    • Global radiation: measured using a pyranometer.
    • Diffuse radiation: measured using a pyranometer with a shading ring to stop direct beam radiation.
    • Beam radiation: measured using a pyrheliometer.
    • Sunshine hours: measured using a sunshine recorder.

    Pyranometer

    • A radiation energy measuring device designed to measure global or total radiation on a horizontal plane.
    • Can be used to measure radiation on an inclined plane.
    • Consists of a thermopile with a hot junction, a blackened circular surface exposed to radiation, and a cold junction shaded to prevent radiation.
    • Has a voltage output of approximately 9 µV/(W/m²) recorded on a chart paper.

    Pyrheliometer

    • An instrument to measure beam radiation.
    • Has a narrow long tube (collimator tube) to collect beam radiation from the sun at normal incidence.
    • Has a tracker to keep the collimator tube continuously facing the sun rays.
    • Three types of pyrheliometers are used: Angstrom compensation pyrheliometer, Abbot silver disc pyrheliometer, and Eppley pyrheliometer.

    Sunshine Recorder

    • An instrument used to measure the duration of bright sunshine hours in a day.
    • Consists of a glass sphere mounted on its axis parallel to the axis of the earth, and a recording paper card.
    • The card has a special coated paper that burns a spot wherever sun's rays fall on it.
    • The length of the trace formed by the burn spots on the card paper is the measure of the duration of sunshine hours in a day.

    Topic: Introduction to Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Sources

    • Energy resources are the main sources of energy from which energy can be extracted and utilized for mankind.
    • Energy is a key input in economic growth, and the growth of a nation largely depends on the availability of energy resources.
    • Conventional energy resources (e.g., coal, wood, diesel, petrol, natural gas) are depleting and may last for only 5-6 decades.
    • There is a need to find non-conventional energy sources (e.g., solar, wind, tidal, geothermal) to meet the major part of energy demand in the future.

    Classification of Energy Resources

    • Primary energy resources: resources available in nature in their raw form (e.g., fossil fuels, uranium, hydropower).
    • Secondary energy resources: obtained from primary energy resources by processing (e.g., electricity, steam, hot water, petrol, diesel, LNG, CNG).

    Conventional and Non-Conventional Energy Resources

    • Conventional energy resources: energy resources that have been traditionally used for many years (e.g., fossil fuels).
    • Non-conventional energy resources: alternate energy resources to conventional energy resources (e.g., solar, wind, tidal, geothermal).

    Need for Renewable Energy

    • Renewable energy sources (e.g., solar, wind, hydro, geothermal) produce minimal or no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, helping to mitigate climate change.
    • Advantages of renewable energy sources:
      • Recur in nature and are inexhaustible.
      • No fuel cost, hence negligible running cost.
      • Low energy density, minimal pollution and ecological balance problems.
      • Can help save foreign exchange and generate local employment.
      • Flexible and modular technology, can be rapidly deployed.

    Indian and Global Energy Resources

    • The world's energy supply primarily comes from fossil fuels (87%).
    • India's use of fossil fuels constitutes more than 90% of its total energy consumption.
    • Importance of non-conventional energy resources:
      • Increasing demand for energy due to industrialization and population growth.
      • Conventional energy resources are depleting fast.
      • Conventional energy resources (fossil fuels) cause pollution, thereby degrading the environment.

    Energy Policy in India

    • Features of India's energy policy:
      • Accelerated exploitation of domestic conventional energy resources.
      • Intensification of exploration to achieve indigenous production of oils and gases.
      • Management of demand for oil and other forms of energy.
      • Energy conservation and management.
      • Optimum utilization of existing capacity in the country.
      • Development and exploitation of renewable sources of energy.

    World Energy Status

    • Conventional resources:
      • Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) are a major source of energy.
      • Hydro resources are renewable and non-polluting.
    • Non-conventional sources:
      • Solar energy is a major source of power, with an estimated potential of 178 billion MW.
      • Wind energy is the most economical energy resource.
      • Biomass energy resources consist of wood, leaves, and forest industry waste.
      • Geothermal energy has a potential of about 7704 MW installed electrical power generating capacity.

    Indian Energy Scenario

    • India's energy scenario:
      • Enormous demand for electricity due to economic growth.
      • Government encouragement of New and Renewable Source of energy (NRSE) to meet growing demand.
      • Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (DNES) was set up to develop new non-conventional sources of energy.

    Solar Radiation

    • The sun is the largest member of our solar system.
    • Solar energy is the radiated heat energy from the sun, providing energy needed to sustain life in our solar system.
    • Irradiance: the rate at which radiant energy is incident on a unit surface area.
    • Irradiation: the solar energy per unit surface area striking a body over a specified time.

    Extra-terrestrial Radiation and Solar Constant

    • Extra-terrestrial radiation: solar radiation incident on the outer atmosphere of the earth.
    • Solar constant: defined as the energy received from the sun per unit time on a unit surface area perpendicular to the direction of propagation of solar radiation at the top of earth's atmosphere.

    Terrestrial Radiation

    • Terrestrial radiation: solar radiation that reaches earth's surface after passing through earth's atmosphere.
    • Beam radiation: solar radiation along the line joining the receiving point and the sun.
    • Diffuse radiation: solar radiation scattered by particles in earth's atmosphere.
    • Total or global radiation: the sum of beam radiation and diffuse radiation.

    Latitude and Longitude

    • Latitude: the angle subtended by the radial line joining the place to the centre of the earth, with the projection of the line on the equatorial plane.
    • Longitude: measures distance east or west of the prime meridian.

    Basic Sun-Earth Angles

    • Latitude: measures the angle subtended by the radial line joining the place to the centre of the earth, with the projection of the line on the equatorial plane.
    • Longitude: measures the distance east or west of the prime meridian.### Solar Angles
    • Declination Angle: the angle between the line joining the centers of the sun and the earth, and its projection on the equatorial plane, varying from +23.5° to -23.5°.
    • Hour Angle: the angle through which the earth must be rotated to bring the meridian of the plane directly under the sun, equal to 150° per hour.
    • Incident Angle: the angle between the beam of rays and the normal to the plane.
    • Tilt Angle: the angle made by the plane surface with the horizontal.
    • Zenith Angle: the angle between the sun's ray and the normal to the horizontal plane.
    • Solar Azimuth Angle: the angle between the projection of the sun's ray to the point on the horizontal plane and the line due south passing through that point.
    • Angle of Incidence: the angle formed between the direction of the sun ray and the line normal to the surface.
    • Surface Azimuth Angle: the angle in the horizontal plane between the line due south and the horizontal projection of the normal to the inclined plane surface.

    Local Apparent Time (LAT)

    • LAT is the time used for determining the hour angle, depending on the longitude of the place.
    • LAT can be calculated from standard time by applying two corrections:
      • Correction due to the difference between the longitude at the location and the longitude of the place whose standard time is used.
      • Time correction due to small fluctuations in the earth's orbit and rate of rotation.

    Measurements of Solar Radiation Data

    • Solar radiation consists of two components: direct solar energy and diffuse solar energy.
    • Direct solar energy: energy reaching the earth's surface with the sun's beam, having high heat content and causing sunburn.
    • Diffuse solar energy: energy formed due to atmosphere attenuation, scattering, and beam redirection, propagating uniformly in all directions.

    Measuring Solar Radiation Data

    • Global radiation: measured using a pyranometer.
    • Diffuse radiation: measured using a pyranometer with a shading ring to stop direct beam radiation.
    • Beam radiation: measured using a pyrheliometer.
    • Sunshine hours: measured using a sunshine recorder.

    Pyranometer

    • A radiation energy measuring device designed to measure global or total radiation on a horizontal plane.
    • Can be used to measure radiation on an inclined plane.
    • Consists of a thermopile with a hot junction, a blackened circular surface exposed to radiation, and a cold junction shaded to prevent radiation.
    • Has a voltage output of approximately 9 µV/(W/m²) recorded on a chart paper.

    Pyrheliometer

    • An instrument to measure beam radiation.
    • Has a narrow long tube (collimator tube) to collect beam radiation from the sun at normal incidence.
    • Has a tracker to keep the collimator tube continuously facing the sun rays.
    • Three types of pyrheliometers are used: Angstrom compensation pyrheliometer, Abbot silver disc pyrheliometer, and Eppley pyrheliometer.

    Sunshine Recorder

    • An instrument used to measure the duration of bright sunshine hours in a day.
    • Consists of a glass sphere mounted on its axis parallel to the axis of the earth, and a recording paper card.
    • The card has a special coated paper that burns a spot wherever sun's rays fall on it.
    • The length of the trace formed by the burn spots on the card paper is the measure of the duration of sunshine hours in a day.

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    Learn about energy resources, their importance in economic growth, and the depletion of conventional energy sources like coal and natural gas.

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