Introduction to Renewable & Non-Renewable Energy Sources

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of processing primary resources?

To increase the dependence on fossil fuels

To convert them into non-conventional energy resources

To reduce the depletion of conventional energy resources

To transform them into secondary or usable energy forms (correct)

What is the main advantage of renewable energy sources in terms of climate change?

They are not sustainable and cause pollution

They produce high amounts of greenhouse gas emissions

They produce minimal or no greenhouse gas emissions (correct)

They require large amounts of fossil fuels to operate

What percentage of the world's energy supply comes from fossil fuels?

65%

87% (correct)

95%

50%

Why are non-conventional energy resources becoming increasingly important?

Because they are more environmentally friendly and sustainable Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the reasons for the growing concern about the use of fossil fuels?

Fossil fuels are causing pollution and degrading the environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason to conserve fossil fuels?

To reduce excessive dependence on conventional resources Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the energy policy in India?

To achieve self-sufficiency in energy supplies Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated potential of solar energy that the earth intercepts?

178 billion MW Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated potential of ocean tidal energy?

550 billion kW/year Signup and view all the answers

What is the global installed generating capacity of hydro resources?

627,000 MW Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason behind the earth receiving 7% more radiation on 21 March and 23 September compared to 21 June and 22 December?

The intensity of solar radiation reaching outside the earth's atmospheric varies with the square of the distance between the centres of the earth and the sun. Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle of tilt of the earth's axis with respect to the earth's orbit around the sun?

23.45º Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the radiation received from the sun per unit time on a unit surface area perpendicular to the direction of propagation of solar radiation at the top of earth's atmosphere?

Solar constant Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the solar radiation that reaches earth's surface after passing through earth's atmosphere?

Terrestrial radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the solar radiation which is scattered by the particles in earth's atmosphere?

Diffuse radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated duration for which conventional fuels may last?

5-6 decades Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary classification basis for energy resources?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of primary energy resources?

They require processing and conversion Signup and view all the answers

Why is energy considered a key input in economic growth?

It is essential for economic growth and development Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of energy?

The capacity of a substance to do work Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the collimator tube in a pyrheliometer?

To collect beam radiation from the sun at normal incidence Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the electric circuit in an Angstrom compensation pyrheliometer?

To achieve the same temperature as the sensitive solar detector strip Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the glass sphere in a sunshine recorder?

To focus the sun's rays sharply as a spot on the paper card Signup and view all the answers

What is the output of a thermopile?

Voltage output of approximately 9 µV/(W/mV) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the tracker in a pyrheliometer?

To keep the collimator tube continuously facing the sun rays Signup and view all the answers

What is the correction needed for determining LAT due to the difference between the longitude at the location and the longitude of the place whose standard time is used?

4 min per longitude difference Signup and view all the answers

What is the component of solar energy that is formed as a result of the atmosphere's attenuation, scattering, and beam's redirection?

Diffuse solar energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the instrument used to measure beam radiation?

Pyrheliometer Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the shadow band or occulting disc in a pyranometer?

To measure diffuse radiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation that represents the solar radiation data?

Hg = Hd + Hb cosz Signup and view all the answers

What is the latitude of the circle at the equator?

0º Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why the Indian government is encouraging the use of New and Renewable Source of energy (NRSE)?

To meet the growing demand of energy without dependence on conventional energy sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle made by the line joining the centers of the sun and the earth with its projection on the equatorial plane?

Declination angle Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the prime meridian?

To specify the longitude of various points on the earth's surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the main activity of the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES)?

To develop new non-conventional sources of energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the angle between the sun's ray and the normal to the horizontal plane?

Zenith angle Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of power density of sunlight falling per unit area and time?

Watts per square meter Signup and view all the answers

Why does local apparent time differ from place to place?

Due to the difference in longitude Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which the sun's high temperature is maintained?

Continuous fusion reaction Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe solar energy per unit surface area that is striking a body over a specified time?

Irradiation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Topic: Introduction to Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Sources

Energy resources are the main sources of energy from which energy can be extracted and utilized for mankind.
Energy is a key input in economic growth, and the growth of a nation largely depends on the availability of energy resources.
Conventional energy resources (e.g., coal, wood, diesel, petrol, natural gas) are depleting and may last for only 5-6 decades.
There is a need to find non-conventional energy sources (e.g., solar, wind, tidal, geothermal) to meet the major part of energy demand in the future.

Classification of Energy Resources

Primary energy resources: resources available in nature in their raw form (e.g., fossil fuels, uranium, hydropower).
Secondary energy resources: obtained from primary energy resources by processing (e.g., electricity, steam, hot water, petrol, diesel, LNG, CNG).

Conventional and Non-Conventional Energy Resources

Conventional energy resources: energy resources that have been traditionally used for many years (e.g., fossil fuels).
Non-conventional energy resources: alternate energy resources to conventional energy resources (e.g., solar, wind, tidal, geothermal).

Need for Renewable Energy

Renewable energy sources (e.g., solar, wind, hydro, geothermal) produce minimal or no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, helping to mitigate climate change.
Advantages of renewable energy sources:
- Recur in nature and are inexhaustible.
- No fuel cost, hence negligible running cost.
- Low energy density, minimal pollution and ecological balance problems.
- Can help save foreign exchange and generate local employment.
- Flexible and modular technology, can be rapidly deployed.

Indian and Global Energy Resources

The world's energy supply primarily comes from fossil fuels (87%).
India's use of fossil fuels constitutes more than 90% of its total energy consumption.
Importance of non-conventional energy resources:
- Increasing demand for energy due to industrialization and population growth.
- Conventional energy resources are depleting fast.
- Conventional energy resources (fossil fuels) cause pollution, thereby degrading the environment.

Energy Policy in India

Features of India's energy policy:
- Accelerated exploitation of domestic conventional energy resources.
- Intensification of exploration to achieve indigenous production of oils and gases.
- Management of demand for oil and other forms of energy.
- Energy conservation and management.
- Optimum utilization of existing capacity in the country.
- Development and exploitation of renewable sources of energy.

World Energy Status

Conventional resources:
- Fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) are a major source of energy.
- Hydro resources are renewable and non-polluting.
Non-conventional sources:
- Solar energy is a major source of power, with an estimated potential of 178 billion MW.
- Wind energy is the most economical energy resource.
- Biomass energy resources consist of wood, leaves, and forest industry waste.
- Geothermal energy has a potential of about 7704 MW installed electrical power generating capacity.

Indian Energy Scenario

India's energy scenario:
- Enormous demand for electricity due to economic growth.
- Government encouragement of New and Renewable Source of energy (NRSE) to meet growing demand.
- Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (DNES) was set up to develop new non-conventional sources of energy.

Solar Radiation

The sun is the largest member of our solar system.
Solar energy is the radiated heat energy from the sun, providing energy needed to sustain life in our solar system.
Irradiance: the rate at which radiant energy is incident on a unit surface area.
Irradiation: the solar energy per unit surface area striking a body over a specified time.

Extra-terrestrial Radiation and Solar Constant

Extra-terrestrial radiation: solar radiation incident on the outer atmosphere of the earth.
Solar constant: defined as the energy received from the sun per unit time on a unit surface area perpendicular to the direction of propagation of solar radiation at the top of earth's atmosphere.

Terrestrial Radiation

Terrestrial radiation: solar radiation that reaches earth's surface after passing through earth's atmosphere.
Beam radiation: solar radiation along the line joining the receiving point and the sun.
Diffuse radiation: solar radiation scattered by particles in earth's atmosphere.
Total or global radiation: the sum of beam radiation and diffuse radiation.

Latitude and Longitude

Latitude: the angle subtended by the radial line joining the place to the centre of the earth, with the projection of the line on the equatorial plane.
Longitude: measures distance east or west of the prime meridian.

Basic Sun-Earth Angles

Latitude: measures the angle subtended by the radial line joining the place to the centre of the earth, with the projection of the line on the equatorial plane.
Longitude: measures the distance east or west of the prime meridian.### Solar Angles
Declination Angle: the angle between the line joining the centers of the sun and the earth, and its projection on the equatorial plane, varying from +23.5° to -23.5°.
Hour Angle: the angle through which the earth must be rotated to bring the meridian of the plane directly under the sun, equal to 150° per hour.
Incident Angle: the angle between the beam of rays and the normal to the plane.
Tilt Angle: the angle made by the plane surface with the horizontal.
Zenith Angle: the angle between the sun's ray and the normal to the horizontal plane.
Solar Azimuth Angle: the angle between the projection of the sun's ray to the point on the horizontal plane and the line due south passing through that point.
Angle of Incidence: the angle formed between the direction of the sun ray and the line normal to the surface.
Surface Azimuth Angle: the angle in the horizontal plane between the line due south and the horizontal projection of the normal to the inclined plane surface.

Local Apparent Time (LAT)

LAT is the time used for determining the hour angle, depending on the longitude of the place.
LAT can be calculated from standard time by applying two corrections:
- Correction due to the difference between the longitude at the location and the longitude of the place whose standard time is used.
- Time correction due to small fluctuations in the earth's orbit and rate of rotation.

Measurements of Solar Radiation Data

Solar radiation consists of two components: direct solar energy and diffuse solar energy.
Direct solar energy: energy reaching the earth's surface with the sun's beam, having high heat content and causing sunburn.
Diffuse solar energy: energy formed due to atmosphere attenuation, scattering, and beam redirection, propagating uniformly in all directions.

Measuring Solar Radiation Data

Global radiation: measured using a pyranometer.
Diffuse radiation: measured using a pyranometer with a shading ring to stop direct beam radiation.
Beam radiation: measured using a pyrheliometer.
Sunshine hours: measured using a sunshine recorder.

Pyranometer

A radiation energy measuring device designed to measure global or total radiation on a horizontal plane.
Can be used to measure radiation on an inclined plane.
Consists of a thermopile with a hot junction, a blackened circular surface exposed to radiation, and a cold junction shaded to prevent radiation.
Has a voltage output of approximately 9 µV/(W/m²) recorded on a chart paper.

Pyrheliometer

An instrument to measure beam radiation.
Has a narrow long tube (collimator tube) to collect beam radiation from the sun at normal incidence.
Has a tracker to keep the collimator tube continuously facing the sun rays.
Three types of pyrheliometers are used: Angstrom compensation pyrheliometer, Abbot silver disc pyrheliometer, and Eppley pyrheliometer.

Sunshine Recorder

An instrument used to measure the duration of bright sunshine hours in a day.
Consists of a glass sphere mounted on its axis parallel to the axis of the earth, and a recording paper card.
The card has a special coated paper that burns a spot wherever sun's rays fall on it.
The length of the trace formed by the burn spots on the card paper is the measure of the duration of sunshine hours in a day.

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Description

Learn about the different types of energy resources, their importance in economic growth, and the depletion of conventional fuels. Explore the role of energy in powering a nation's development.