Intro to Philosophy - Day 1 Review
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Questions and Answers

What happens when a human being no longer recognizes the value of the environment?

  • It gains additional intrinsic value
  • It ceases to exist
  • It becomes a mere object to be manipulated (correct)
  • They begin to appreciate it more

The Axiological approach to the environment requires a lesser use of imagination and reflection.

False (B)

What is considered necessary for life according to the content?

The environment

In the Anthropological approach, the environment is viewed as an object without any _____ of its own.

<p>consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Utilitarianism, an action is considered ethically right if it produces what?

<p>Happiness for the greater number of people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The intrinsic value of the environment is not recognized in the Anthropological approach.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do human beings need to do when they recognize the intrinsic value of the environment?

<p>Protect and take care of it</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following approaches to their main characteristics:

<p>Axiological Approach = Recognizes intrinsic value of the environment Anthropological Approach = Views the environment as an object Utilitarianism = Focuses on consequences of actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as a societal red flag?

<p>Economic inequality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both Martin Buber and Karol Wojtyla view humans as dual beings with separate aspects.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used by Wojtyla to represent the social dimension of human relations?

<p>we relation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Martin Buber's work I and thou is focused on the concept of 'I-______' relation.

<p>you</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following figures with their contributions or beliefs:

<p>Martin Buber = Conceived the human person in totality and relatedness Karol Wojtyla = Criticized the definition of human as 'rational animal' St. Augustine of Hippo = Emphasized social responsibility to others Saint Pope John Paul II = Architect of Communism's demise in Poland</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for building inclusive and empathetic communities?

<p>Accepting differences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wojtyla believes that action is a reflection of the nature of the human agent.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was Karol Wojtyla elected as pope?

<p>1978</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of a society?

<p>An organized group of people who interact and share a common culture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans are political beings by nature.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Plato, what are the three parts of the human soul?

<p>Appetitive, Spirited, Rational</p> Signup and view all the answers

Humans form societies through cooperation and the establishment of _________ and institutions.

<p>social norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the philosopher with their contribution to understanding political society:

<p>Aristotle = Political society is the completion of human community development Plato = Concept of the soul with three parts Hobbes = Humans are naturally free and consent to political society Rousseau = Social contract theory emphasizes consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does economic interdependence contribute to?

<p>The formation of societies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to social contract theory, political society can be established without human consent.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason Aristotle provides for humans being political beings?

<p>Humans have the capacity for speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Natural Law Ethics emphasize regarding the environment?

<p>Humans have a responsibility to care for the environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Environmental Aesthetics, maintaining order in the environment contributes to human well-being.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Environmental Ethics?

<p>The relationship between humans and the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Environmentalism advocates to address the growing ______ problems.

<p>environmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the concepts with their descriptions:

<p>Virtue Ethics = Habitual performance of caring for the environment Environmentalism = Advocacy for addressing environmental problems Environmental Ethics = Moral analysis of human-environment relationships Environmental Philosophy = Study of the moral relationship with non-human elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol was established to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

<p>Kyoto Protocol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Environmental Philosophy states that humans are removed from alterations in the environment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major international event to raise awareness for environmental issues?

<p>Earth Day</p> Signup and view all the answers

Environmental Aesthetics believes that appreciating the environment can help people relate more effectively with ______.

<p>nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of analyzing human activities through Environmental Ethics?

<p>Reflecting on how actions affect the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of government according to John Locke's social contract theory?

<p>To protect natural rights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jean Jacques Rousseau believed that people should be completely free from government control.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes an industrial society from earlier forms of societies?

<p>Use of specialized machinery in production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a __________ society, members often produce surplus food and have larger populations than in hunting and gathering societies.

<p>Pastoral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of society with its characteristic:

<p>Hunting and Gathering Society = Nomadic and small-sized Horticultural Society = Semi-nomadic with defined roles Feudal Society = Based on land ownership and status Post-Industrial Society = Knowledge-based society with digital interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines the common good?

<p>Conditions enabling individuals to achieve their goals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Epicurus, what happens to sensation and consciousness after death?

<p>They cease to exist. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Members of hunting and gathering societies are usually treated unequally.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epicurus states that fearing nonexistence may enhance the enjoyment of life.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one characteristic of a virtual society.

<p>Digital interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What Latin phrase summarizes Epicurus' philosophy on existence and nonexistence?

<p>Non fui, fui, non sum, non curo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The social contract involves individuals sacrificing some of their __________ for the sake of a higher authority.

<p>freedom</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Nagel, if death is an evil at all, it cannot be because of its positive features, but rather because of what it __________ us of.

<p>deprives</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant development is associated with post-industrial society?

<p>Emergence of knowledge-based economies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary fear that may accompany the concept of death, as suggested by Nagel?

<p>Fear of missing out (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following philosophers with their views on death:

<p>Epicurus = Death is nothing to us. Thomas Nagel = Death gives meaning to life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epicurus suggests that during dreamless sleep, we only jump to the next conscious episode without experiencing the time that has passed.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Nagel mean when he states that few regard not existing before birth as a misfortune?

<p>He implies that nonexistence is not inherently regrettable and death is similarly nonregrettable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Axiological Approach to Environment

This approach recognizes the inherent value of the environment, demanding protection and care; beauty is seen as an expression of intrinsic value.

Anthropological Approach to Environment

The environment's value comes from human authority; humans view it as an object to be manipulated and controlled, without inherent consciousness.

Utilitarianism in Environmental Ethics

Focuses on the consequences of human actions; an action is considered ethical if it maximizes happiness for the greatest number of people.

Intrinsic Value (Environment)

Inherent worth or value of something, regardless of its usefulness to humans.

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Manipulating the Environment

Using the environment as a resource, often without regard for its intrinsic value or impact on other components of the environment.

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Commodity Approach to Environment

The environment is viewed as a resource to be used and exploited by humans.

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Human Intervention in Environment

Human actions and their impact on the natural world.

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Environmental Ethics

The study of moral issues and principles related to the environment.

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Natural Law Ethics

Humans, as intelligent and rational beings, have a responsibility to protect the environment as part of God's divine plan.

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Virtue Ethics (Environment)

Developing a character trait of respect for the environment through habitual caring and ethical actions towards non-human beings.

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Environmental Aesthetics

Maintaining environmental order fosters natural beauty and well-being for humans and other living things.

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Environmentalism

Addressing environmental problems through international cooperation and local action.

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Environmental Ethics

Analyzing the moral relationship between humans and the environment, considering the impact of human actions.

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Environmental Philosophy

The study of the moral relationship between humans and their environment, encompassing both living and non-living elements.

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Kyoto Protocol

International agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, combating global warming.

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Earth Day

Global campaign to raise awareness about environmental issues, and inspire ecological action.

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Human Responsibility (Environment)

Our personal actions impact the environment; acknowledging and acting responsibly toward the environment.

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Environmental Problems

Issues caused by human activities that negatively impact the environment and its inhabitants.

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Society Red Flags

Indicators of problematic social structures, including discrimination, profiling, harassment, authoritarianism, cultural suppression, and forced religious conversion.

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Intersubjectivity

The understanding that knowledge and meaning are co-created through shared experiences and perspectives between individuals.

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Ontology

The branch of metaphysics that studies the nature of being, existence, reality, and the categories of being.

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Martin Buber

A Jewish existentialist philosopher, known for his concept of 'I-Thou' relationship, emphasizing the wholeness and relatedness of the human person.

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Karol Wojtyla

Saint Pope John Paul II, a Polish philosopher who emphasized the social dimension of the self through 'we-relation,' highlighting participation as essential to human flourishing.

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'I-Thou' relationship

Buber's view of interpersonal connection, focusing on the wholeness and interconnectedness of individuals.

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'We-relation'

Wojtyla's concept of the social dimension of the self; participation in communal life for the common good.

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Human Person (total/not dual)

The understanding that a human being is whole and complete, not divided into separate parts like mind and body.

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Human Nature (Social)

Humans are inherently social beings, needing to live in communities for survival and a fulfilling life.

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Political Nature of Humans

Humans aren't just social, they also have a natural inclination to live in organized political communities.

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Social Contract Theory

The idea that governments exist because people agree to give up some freedom in exchange for protection and order.

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Society's Formation

Societies are created by shared culture, language, values, cooperation, and a need for protection.

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Plato's Ideal Society

Plato believed that a just society is one where people with different talents do their own job.

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Human Soul (Plato)

Plato's view of the human soul includes three parts: appetitive, spirited, and rational.

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Aristotle's Political Society

Aristotle argued that political societies fulfill human needs for growth, speech, and shared life.

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Components of Society

Organized group of people with shared territory, culture, frequent interaction, and cooperation.

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Dreamless Sleep

A state of unconsciousness where there is no awareness of time passing.

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Death and Nonexistence

The state of no longer existing; there's no experience of anything after death, including awareness of non-existence.

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Fear of Death

The apprehension of nonexistence and the loss of future possibilities. It's not the positive aspects of death that cause the fear, but what we're deprived of.

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Death as Non-experiential

Death is the cessation of consciousness, not the experience of a nothingness.

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FOMO and Death

The feeling that if something isn't experienced, a loss is felt, and is a possible reason behind being afraid of death.

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Epicurus' View on Death

Death is no concern; experience ends with death, therefore nothing to fear.

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Nagel's View on Death

Death is a negative experience because life ends prematurely, loss of experience makes it an evil.

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Meaning of Life and Death

The idea that death may give a meaning to life.

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Social Contract (Hobbes)

An agreement where individuals give up some freedom for a higher authority.

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Natural Rights (Locke)

Rights inherent to humans, protected by government.

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General Will (Rousseau)

The will of the community as a whole, even if some disagree.

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Common Good

Social conditions allowing people to thrive and achieve well-being.

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Hunting & Gathering Society

Earliest society type, nomadic, small, equal roles.

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Pastoral Society

Based on animal domestication; larger and more settled than hunter-gatherers.

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Horticultural Society

Plant cultivation, semi-nomadic, more defined roles.

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Agrarian Society

Large-scale farming, tools, and increased population.

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Industrial Society

Production using machines, spurred by Industrial Revolution.

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Post-Industrial Society

Focus on knowledge, information, and service industries.

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Study Notes

Intro to Philosophy - Day 1 Notes

  • Pointers for Review: Topics covered include the Human Person as an Embodied Spirit, the Human Person in their Environment, Intersubjectivity, Freedom of the Human Person, The Human Person in Society, The Human Person as Oriented Towards their Impending Death. Review questions include True or False, Matching Type, and Enumeration.

The Human Person in Their Environment

  • Defining the Environment: The environment encompasses the surroundings and conditions where living things (person, animal, or plant) exist. It includes both natural (e.g., forests, rivers) and built (e.g., cities, buildings) environments. The environment significantly impacts experiences, behaviors, and overall well-being.

  • Human Being's Perspective on Environment: The relationship humans have with the environment depends on how they perceive it. Often, humans see the environment as something to be exploited for individual use, rather than another subject or a bio-community. This perspective is a major cause of ongoing environmental crises.

  • Instrumental Approach: Human beings protect the environment only as long as it holds value for them. Manipulation and use as a commodity occurs when the environment is no longer valued.

  • Axiological Approach: Values the inherent value of the environment and encourages its protection and preservation. Beauty is seen as an expression of intrinsic value.

  • Anthropological Approach: Humanity is the source of value in the environment, not the environment itself. Human beings have the right to control and utilize the environment as an object.

  • Utilitarianism: Focuses on the consequences of human actions. Actions are considered ethically right if they result in the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

  • Natural Law Ethics: Humanity's responsibility is to care for the environment; it is part of God's creation and a divine purpose. Actions that harm the environment are not acceptable.

The Human Person as an Embodied Spirit

  • The Human Person: Acknowledges and values human beings' complex and multi-dimensional state of being; their rationality, self-awareness, moral agency, and individuality. Acknowledges and investigates the relationship between the body and spirit, and the limitations of humans.

  • Anthropocentrism: Focuses on humankind's significant role in the world, and nature as a means to sustain human needs. Human beings are the most important species.

  • Biocentrism: Emphasizes that humans are not the only important species, and all organisms deserve protection and ethical consideration.

Virtues

  • Prudence/Frugality: Ability to make wise judgements and choices based on values, allowing avoidance of dangers and risks. Practical use of resources.

Understanding the Interplay Between Humans and Their Environments

  • Reciprocal Relationship: Humans shape the environment, and the environment in turn shapes humans.

  • Examination of Impact: Human actions (deforestation, pollution, overconsumption) have significant negative impacts on the environment

The Evolution of Societies

  • This section outlines societal changes through time, progressing from foraging and pastoral societies to agricultural and industrial societies, and ending with post-industrial and virtual societies. The impacts of societal organization are explained.

Society

  • Norms: Societal expectations for behavior contribute significantly to individual actions; they guide how people relate and interact

  • Laws: Rules and regulations established by a governing authority to control behavior.

  • Folkways: Traditional customs or behaviors considered normal in a given culture.

Human Persons as Oriented Toward their Impending Death

  • Bucket List: A list of things a person wants to accomplish or experiences before death.

  • Death: A different perspective is described on various considerations of death.

How Does Death Feel?

  • A discussion of Epicurus' views on death; the absence of consciousness at death and whether fear of it is justified.

Nagel on Death

  • This section analyzes and explores Nagel's perspective on death, focusing on the potential negative impacts of recognizing death; existential concerns, and questions.

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Description

This quiz covers the foundational concepts discussed in the first day of the Intro to Philosophy course. Topics include the nature of the human person, intersubjectivity, and the relationship between individuals and their environment. Test your understanding with true or false, matching type, and enumeration questions.

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