Biology Overview and Scientific Process
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of isotopes of an element?

  • They have different mass numbers.
  • They have different electrons in the outer shell.
  • They have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. (correct)
  • They have an equal number of electrons and protons.

    • What type of bond is formed when electrons are shared unequally between two atoms?

  • Ionic bond
  • Nonpolar covalent bond
  • Polar covalent bond (correct)
  • Hydrogen bond

    • How many electrons can the innermost electron shell of an atom hold?

  • 4 electrons
  • 18 electrons
  • 2 electrons (correct)
  • 8 electrons

    • Which of the following best describes water's properties due to hydrogen bonding?

    <p>Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cohesion in the context of water molecules?

    <p>The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the process of evaporative cooling?

    <p>The temperature of the remaining liquid decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about ionic bonds is correct?

    <p>They form between ions with opposite charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measure of heat intensity called?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary mechanism through which sympatric speciation occurs?

    <p>Polyploidy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do reproductive barriers contribute to species divergence in the Galápagos finches?

    <p>They reinforce preferences for specific mate characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome occurs when closely related species meet and produce hybrid offspring?

    <p>Reinforcement of reproductive barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what condition is adaptive radiation most likely to occur?

    <p>Isolation on islands with varied ecological niches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of sexual selection in aquatic species, like cichlids in Lake Victoria?

    <p>Diversification of species through mate choice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are X-linked disorders more common in males than in females?

    <p>Males only have one X chromosome while females have two.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bases is present in RNA but not in DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?

    <p>It synthesizes the daughter strands of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the process of transcription involve?

    <p>Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'descent with modification' refer to in Darwin's theory of evolution?

    <p>All species are modified versions of common ancestors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does natural selection drive evolution?

    <p>By favoring traits that enhance survival and reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the two strands of DNA interact in a double helix structure?

    <p>They complement each other nucleotide-wise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main product of translating RNA during protein synthesis?

    <p>Polypeptides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from nondisjunction during meiosis?

    <p>Abnormal chromosome count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is specifically associated with an extra copy of chromosome 21?

    <p>Trisomy 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mendel's Law of Segregation explains what aspect of inheritance?

    <p>Alleles separate during gamete formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a homozygous individual from a heterozygous individual?

    <p>Homozygous has identical alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a karyotype?

    <p>To detect chromosomal abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross, how are the parents characterized?

    <p>Heterozygous for one trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Mendel's law of independent assortment suggest?

    <p>Allele pairs segregate independently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a testcross used for in genetics?

    <p>To reveal an individual's unknown genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of mitosis?

    <p>To distribute duplicated chromosomes into daughter nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do animal cells differ from plant cells during cytokinesis?

    <p>Animal cells constrict, forming a cleavage furrow, while plant cells develop a cell plate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do growth factors play in cell division?

    <p>They are essential for the division of normal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of cancer cells compared to normal cells?

    <p>Cancer cells exhibit uncontrolled division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about homologous chromosomes is true?

    <p>They exist only in diploid cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end result of meiosis?

    <p>Four genetically unique haploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process enhances genetic recombination during meiosis?

    <p>Crossing over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does independent orientation of chromosomes during metaphase I contribute to genetic variation?

    <p>It allows for random combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do transitional fossils primarily demonstrate?

    <p>The evolutionary relationships between different species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes natural selection?

    <p>It influences the heritable traits within populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of genetic variation in a population?

    <p>Mutation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium relate to?

    <p>The conditions under which a population is evolving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about homologies?

    <p>They signify similarities due to common ancestry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism of microevolution consistently leads to adaptive evolution?

    <p>Natural selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an evolutionary tree, what do branching points represent?

    <p>Common ancestors of diverging species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of gene flow in populations?

    <p>It can interfere with local adaptations in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • Biology is the study of life, encompassing all living organisms
    • Life's properties include order, reproduction, growth, development, energy processing, regulation, and response to the environment
    • Organisms are organized into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

    The Process of Science

    • Science uses an evidence-based process of inquiry to understand the natural world
    • The approach involves observations, hypotheses, predictions, tests of hypotheses, analysis of data, and revisions
    • Scientific theories are broad explanations supported by a large body of evidence

    Five Unifying Themes in Biology

    • Unity and diversity: Life is both unified and diverse with similarities and differences
    • Evolution: The process of change over time, explains the unity and diversity of life
    • Natural selection: A mechanism of evolution where organisms adapt over time to their environment
    • Interdependence in ecosystems: Living things interact with each other within ecosystems and depend upon each other

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    Biology Concepts FINAL Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of biology, including the study of life, the process of scientific inquiry, and five unifying themes in biology. Explore topics such as evolution, natural selection, and the organization of living organisms. Test your understanding of how life is both unified and diverse.

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