Questions and Answers
What is the function of the receptors in homeostatic regulation?
What is the main function of the skeletal system?
What is the term for the body's automatic response to any changes in homeostasis?
What is the atomic number of an element equal to?
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What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons?
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What is the term for atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons?
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What is the function of the urinary system?
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What is the term for the outermost energy level of an atom?
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Study Notes
Levels of Organization
- Organism: the highest level of organization
- Organ system: a group of organs working together
- Organ: a structure that performs a specific function
- Tissue: a group of similar cells
- Cellular: the level of individual cells
- Molecular/Chemical: the level of molecules and atoms
Homeostasis
- Definition: a stable internal environment
- Homeostatic regulation: the body's way of maintaining homeostasis
- Receptors: react to changes in the body and send information to control centers
- Control centers: process information and send it to effectors
- Effectors: take action to maintain homeostasis
- Negative feedback: the body's automatic response to changes in homeostasis
Organ Systems
- Integumentary (skin): first barrier of defense against external factors
- Skeletal: provides support and structure
- Muscular: enables movement and activity
- Nervous: responds to stimuli and controls the body's responses
- Cardiovascular: transports blood and oxygen throughout the body
- Lymphatic: prevents disease and stops infections
- Endocrine: regulates hormone production
- Respiratory: exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Digestive: breaks down nutrients and absorbs them into the bloodstream
- Urinary: excretes waste and excess fluids
- Reproductive: produces offspring
Chemical Levels
Atomic Structure
- Atom: composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
- Protons: positively charged, found in the nucleus
- Neutrons: neutral, found in the nucleus
- Electrons: negatively charged, found in electron shells
- Atomic weight: equal to the number of protons
- Mass number: equal to protons + neutrons
- Nucleus: the center of the atom
- Electron shell: holds electrons
Isotopes
- Definition: same element with different numbers of neutrons
- Example: carbon-12 and carbon-14
Chemical Bonds
- Atoms with full outer shells are stable
- Atoms without full outer shells form bonds
- Ions: atoms with a positive or negative charge
- Cations: positively charged ions
- Anions: negatively charged ions
- Ionic bonds: formed when atoms gain or lose electrons
- Covalent bonds: formed when atoms share electrons
- Single bond: formed when two atoms share one pair of electrons
- Double bond: formed when two atoms share two pairs of electrons
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
- Organic compounds:
- Contain carbon and hydrogen
- Examples: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids
- Many are soluble in water
- Inorganic compounds:
- Do not contain carbon and hydrogen
- Examples: acids, bases, H2O, and CO2
- Acids: break apart hydrogen
- Bases: remove hydrogen
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Description
Learn about the levels of organization in the human body, including homeostasis and its regulation through receptors, control centers, and effectors.
