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Questions and Answers
What percentage of extracellular fluid (ECF) is interstitial fluid?
What percentage of extracellular fluid (ECF) is interstitial fluid?
Which mechanism allows fluid to pass through a permeable membrane due to pressure differences?
Which mechanism allows fluid to pass through a permeable membrane due to pressure differences?
What are cations?
What are cations?
Which complication of IV therapy is primarily local?
Which complication of IV therapy is primarily local?
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Which function is NOT associated with body fluids?
Which function is NOT associated with body fluids?
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What is the primary function of electrolytes?
What is the primary function of electrolytes?
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What is the first step a nurse should take before preparing the IV solution?
What is the first step a nurse should take before preparing the IV solution?
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How do electrolytes impact neuromuscular reactions?
How do electrolytes impact neuromuscular reactions?
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What should the nurse do if excessive hair is present at the selected IV site?
What should the nurse do if excessive hair is present at the selected IV site?
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What is active transport characterized by?
What is active transport characterized by?
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What method can be used for regulating the IV flow rate?
What method can be used for regulating the IV flow rate?
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Electrolytes are measured in which units?
Electrolytes are measured in which units?
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Which of the following indicates a possible adverse systemic reaction during IV therapy?
Which of the following indicates a possible adverse systemic reaction during IV therapy?
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What should be done if the IV tubing is kinked?
What should be done if the IV tubing is kinked?
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What is a crucial requirement while labeling the IV container?
What is a crucial requirement while labeling the IV container?
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How should the IV site be cleansed before insertion?
How should the IV site be cleansed before insertion?
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What is the primary purpose of intravenous (IV) therapy?
What is the primary purpose of intravenous (IV) therapy?
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Which of the following is NOT a goal of IV therapy?
Which of the following is NOT a goal of IV therapy?
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What type of IV solution contains small molecules and electrolytes?
What type of IV solution contains small molecules and electrolytes?
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What is osmolarity a measure of?
What is osmolarity a measure of?
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Isotonic solutions have which of the following characteristics?
Isotonic solutions have which of the following characteristics?
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In which situation would IV therapy be indicated?
In which situation would IV therapy be indicated?
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Which of the following best describes colloids?
Which of the following best describes colloids?
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Which of the following fluids is used for the rapid correction of dehydration?
Which of the following fluids is used for the rapid correction of dehydration?
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What is the average fluid intake for an adult at moderate activity and temperature?
What is the average fluid intake for an adult at moderate activity and temperature?
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Which route is NOT a method of fluid output?
Which route is NOT a method of fluid output?
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What condition is indicated by a fluid volume deficit (FVD)?
What condition is indicated by a fluid volume deficit (FVD)?
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Which of the following could lead to excessive losses of fluids?
Which of the following could lead to excessive losses of fluids?
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What is one potential clinical manifestation of fluid volume deficit?
What is one potential clinical manifestation of fluid volume deficit?
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Which nursing intervention is important for managing fluid volume deficit?
Which nursing intervention is important for managing fluid volume deficit?
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What is the main effect of hypovolemia?
What is the main effect of hypovolemia?
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Which factor can lead to a fluid volume excess (FVE)?
Which factor can lead to a fluid volume excess (FVE)?
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Which of the following is a manifestation of hypokalemia?
Which of the following is a manifestation of hypokalemia?
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What is considered a life-threatening condition in hypokalemia?
What is considered a life-threatening condition in hypokalemia?
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Which nursing management should be prioritized for a patient with hyperkalemia?
Which nursing management should be prioritized for a patient with hyperkalemia?
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In hyperkalemia, which of these is NOT a possible cause?
In hyperkalemia, which of these is NOT a possible cause?
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Which dietary recommendation should be made for patients at risk of hyperkalemia?
Which dietary recommendation should be made for patients at risk of hyperkalemia?
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What is the normal range for serum potassium levels?
What is the normal range for serum potassium levels?
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Which of the following statements about acid-base balance is correct?
Which of the following statements about acid-base balance is correct?
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What is the recommended approach to administering fluids in patients with potassium issues?
What is the recommended approach to administering fluids in patients with potassium issues?
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What is the primary use of plasma in medical treatment?
What is the primary use of plasma in medical treatment?
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What is a key characteristic of fresh frozen plasma (FFP)?
What is a key characteristic of fresh frozen plasma (FFP)?
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Which condition is most likely to require the use of parenteral nutrition?
Which condition is most likely to require the use of parenteral nutrition?
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What does the term 'bolus' refer to in IV infusion methods?
What does the term 'bolus' refer to in IV infusion methods?
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What distinguishes continuous-drip infusion from other IV methods?
What distinguishes continuous-drip infusion from other IV methods?
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What role do white blood cells (WBCs) play in the body?
What role do white blood cells (WBCs) play in the body?
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In which scenario would IV fluid infusion be most practical?
In which scenario would IV fluid infusion be most practical?
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Study Notes
Intravenous Therapy
- Intravenous therapy (IV) is a method of administering fluids, medications, nutrition, or blood components directly into the bloodstream via a vein.
- Cannulas (peripheral venous catheters) and central venous catheters are used for IV therapy.
- Cannula sizes are categorized by gauge (e.g., 14G, 16G, 18G).
- IV solutions are classified based on their tonicity:
- Crystalloids (small molecules that contain electrolytes)
- Isotonic: same osmotic pressure as body fluids
- Hypertonic: higher osmotic pressure than body fluids
- Hypotonic: lower osmotic pressure than body fluids
- Colloids (large proteins that cannot pass through capillary walls)
- Blood products (whole blood, packed red blood cells, etc.)
- Crystalloids (small molecules that contain electrolytes)
- IV therapy goals include maintaining fluid, nutrient, and electrolyte balance in conditions where oral intake is insufficient.
- IV therapy is used to replace fluid loss, administer medications, and provide pain relief.
Parenteral Nutrition (Hyperalimentation)
- Parenteral nutrition provides essential nutrients intravenously when enteral nutrition is not possible.
- Indicated when the patient has issues with the digestive system or has increased metabolic needs (e.g., burns, cancer).
IV Infusion Methods
- Bolus (IV push): administering a substance directly into a vein all at once, typically for emergencies.
- Continuous drip infusion: slowly infusing fluids or drugs over several hours in a large volume (e.g., 500-1000 mL).
- Intermittent infusion: administering medications within a specific time period (e.g., every 4 hours) or over a short period (e.g., up to 1 hour).
Complications of IV Therapy
- Local complications: infiltration, extravasation, phlebitis, thrombophlebitis, hematoma, clotting, and obstruction.
- Systemic complications: fluid overload, air embolism, septicemia, and allergic reactions.
Nurse's Role in Managing an IV Patient
- Solution preparation: assess solutions for clarity, expiration, and label appropriately.
- Site preparation: cleanse the infusion site using a surgical soap, clipping (not shaving) excessive hair and using an antiseptic.
- Regulating flow rate: calculate the infusion rate.
- Monitoring IV infusion therapy: inspect tubing, assess for leakage, daily inspection of the IV set and for adverse systemic reaction.
Blood Transfusion Considerations
- Use the correct access device (18-gauge or larger).
- Avoid shaking or squeezing the blood container.
- Check the blood's expiration date.
- Reject the blood if inappropriate.
- Infuse packed RBCs and whole blood within 4 hours for bacterial contamination prevention.
Parenteral Nutrition Administration Considerations
- Remove nutrient solutions one hour before administration from the refrigerator.
- Avoid solutions that are cracked or have creamed, indicating fluid separation.
- Administer fluids through an in-line filter.
- Use an electronic device for accurate administration timing.
- Change the solution container and tubing every 24 hours.
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
- Introduction: Water is the primary component of the human body, distributed among three compartments. A balance of fluids, electrolytes, and acids/bases is vital for health.
- Body Fluid Compartments: There are intra- and extracellular fluids, further divided into interstitial and intravascular fluids and transcellular fluids (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid).
- Functions of Body Fluids: The primary function of body fluids is to transport nutrients, wastes, hormones and enzymes, facilitate metabolism, and maintain temperature.
- Regulation of Body Fluids: This is regulated through osmosis, diffusion, filtration and active transport.
- Electrolytes: Elements and compounds that dissolve in water and dissociate into charged ions (cations and anions); crucial for various bodily functions.
- Functions of Electrolytes: Critical in maintaining fluid balance, contributing to acid-base regulation, facilitating enzymatic reactions, and transmitting nerve impulses.
- Fluid Balance: Fluid intake should equal output, with a typical adult intake of approximately 2500mL/day and output of about 1500mL/day, mostly excreted as urine, perspiration and through lungs/feces.
- Electrolyte Imbalances: Sodium (hyponatremia, hypernatremia), Potassium (hypokalemia, hyperkalemia), Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Chloride imbalances are common and require assessment and management.
- Acid-base Balance: Maintaining the pH of body fluids (7.35-7.45) is crucial; influenced by respiratory and renal mechanisms for acid-base balance.
- Interpretation of ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases): Analyze the pH, PaO2, PaCO2 and HCO3 to diagnose acid-base disorders.
- Normal Values of ABGs: provide the normal values for pH, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3, and O2 saturation.
- ABG Interpretation: Describe the different types of acid-base disorders.
- Respiratory Acidosis & Alkalosis: Identify risk factors, clinical manifestations, and nursing interventions.
- Metabolic Acidosis & Alkalosis: Determine risk factors, explain clinical manifestations and nursing interventions.
Nursing Diagnoses
- Identify the nursing diagnoses relevant to a patient with IV, nutrition, blood, or fluid imbalances.
Nursing Management
- Provide detailed information about the nursing management/implementations based on those diagnoses.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of intravenous therapy (IV), including methods of administration, types of catheters, and classifications of IV solutions. Learn about the goals and applications of IV therapy in maintaining fluid, nutrient, and electrolyte balance. Test your knowledge on crystalloids, colloids, and blood products used in medical settings.
