Intravenous Drug Therapy Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT an indication for intravenous therapy?

  • A rapid onset of effect is needed
  • Medicine is not available in another form
  • Cannot tolerate medication by another route
  • Some medications are more effective via IV (correct)

    • What is one of the disadvantages of IV administration?

  • Rapid onset of action (correct)
  • Requires trained staff to administer
  • Increased cost and time to administer the medicine
  • Volume of fluid needed to dilute the medicine

    • Which type of intravascular device is inserted peripherally?

  • Peripherally inserted CVCs
  • Skin-tunneled CVCs
  • Peripheral venous catheters (correct)
  • Central venous catheters

    • What is one of the risks associated with intravenous drug therapy?

    <p>Health risks (e.g. infection)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should the oral route be used instead of intravenous therapy?

    <p>When the medicine is not available in another form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the advantages of intravenous drug therapy?

    <p>A rapid onset of effect is needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intravascular device requires a trained staff to administer?

    <p>Central venous catheters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the hazards of intravenous therapy?

    <p>Health risks (e.g. infection)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intravascular device is inserted through the skin?

    <p>Skin-tunneled CVCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the complications of intravenous therapy?

    <p>Health risks (e.g. infection)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of intravenous administration is suitable for stable drugs with a short half-life and time dependent effects?

    <p>Continuous infusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern with intermittent infusion of intravenous medications?

    <p>Unstable drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential hazard of intravenous therapy?

    <p>Infection/Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which syndrome is a hypersensitivity reaction characterized by erythematous rash, itching, and discomfort?

    <p>Red man syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the incidence of Red man syndrome be reduced when administering Vancomycin?

    <p>Slowing infusion rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is bioavailability?

    <p>The fraction of drug that reaches the systemic circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the graph of plasma concentration against time look like when a drug is infused at a constant rate and no drug is removed from the body?

    <p>A straight line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the plasma concentration of a drug during an intravenous infusion when the rate of input equals the rate of output?

    <p>It remains constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is clearance (CL) defined as?

    <p>The volume of blood or plasma cleared of drug in a unit time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the time taken to reach steady state plasma concentration depend on?

    <p>Elimination half-life (t1/2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During embryonic development, the heart is the first functional organ in the embryo. At approximately which day does the heart start functioning?

    <p>Day 18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure separates the ventricles of the heart?

    <p>Endocardial cushions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells contribute to the formation of the left and right AV canals?

    <p>Neural crest cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At approximately what day does the inferior part of the atrioventricular septum stop growing?

    <p>Day 35</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure forms as a result of the folding of the heart tube?

    <p>Trabeculae in primitive ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure separates the left and right atria in the heart?

    <p>Interatrial septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a congenital heart defect characterized by a hole in the wall between the two upper chambers of the heart?

    <p>Atrial septal defect (ASD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major congenital defect in the heart?

    <p>Patent foramen ovale (PFO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the structure that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta in a developing fetus?

    <p>Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal persistence of the fetal connection between the left and right atria after birth?

    <p>Patent foramen ovale (PFO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following congenital heart conditions is characterized by a defect in the membranous portion of the interventricular septum?

    <p>Ventricular septal defect (VSD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following congenital heart conditions is caused by unequal division of the conus cordis, resulting in anterior displacement of the aorticopulmonary septum?

    <p>Tetralogy of Fallot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following congenital heart conditions is caused by failure of the aorticopulmonary (conotruncal) septum to spiral?

    <p>Transposition of the great vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following congenital heart conditions is characterized by narrowing of the aorta, usually distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery from the arch of the aorta?

    <p>Coarctation of aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following congenital heart conditions is a form of atrial septal defect (ASD) and is caused by excessive resorption of the septum primum or absence of the septum secundum?

    <p>Ostium primum defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for sending two branches to each lung?

    <p>Primitive pulmonary vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which week does the septation of the outflow tracts occur?

    <p>27th week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the conus swellings in the heart fuse?

    <p>The conus divides into the outflow tracts of the right and left ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries develop from the pharyngeal arches?

    <p>Aortic arches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the intersegmental arteries during the development of the embryo?

    <p>They regress and degenerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is innervated by sympathetics only?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system reside?

    <p>In the grey matter of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the autonomic nervous system controls body temperature?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of the thoracic viscera?

    <p>Vagus nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the right vagus nerve enter the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Between the right subclavian artery and brachiocephalic vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and sensory to the laryngeal cavity below the level of the vocal folds?

    <p>Recurrent laryngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>To prepare the body for 'fight or flight' situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic sympathetic neurons located?

    <p>In the intermediolateral horn of T1-L2 spinal cord segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the single ganglion where the sympathetic trunks fuse with each other?

    <p>Ganglion impar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many paravertebral sympathetic ganglia are there?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is under the control of the hypothalamus?

    <p>Parasympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two divisions of the autonomic nervous system exert opposite effects in a particular organ/tissue?

    <p>Sympathetics and parasympathetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response?

    <p>Sympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for maintaining normal body functions?

    <p>Parasympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition characterized by the narrowing of the aorta, usually distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery from the arch of the aorta?

    <p>Coarctation of the Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of neural connections in the sympathetic trunks?

    <p>Pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition characterized by the abnormal persistence of the fetal connection between the left and right atria after birth?

    <p>Atrial Septal Defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the condition characterized by the abnormal resorption of the septum primum or absence of the septum secundum?

    <p>Atrial Septal Defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs of Horner's syndrome?

    <p>Miosis, ptosis, and anhidrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs of Red Man syndrome?

    <p>Erythematous rash, itching, and discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by a higher risk for cardiovascular disease in individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis compared to the general population?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with chronic pulmonary hypertension?

    <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with a 24% higher risk for cardiovascular disease compared to the general population?

    <p>Osteoarthrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular disease in individuals who experienced under-nutrition during adolescence?

    <p>Nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with systemic conditions affecting the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Sarcoidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by familial hyperlipidaemias?

    <p>Familial hyperlipidaemias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with vasculitides and SLE?

    <p>Vasculitides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with endocrine disease and cardiovascular problems?

    <p>Amyloidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis?

    <p>Granulomatosis with polyangiitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with accelerated vascular damage and known mechanisms?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following systemic conditions is NOT known to affect the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the dominant cause of mortality in diabetic patients?

    <p>Cardiovascular complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following metabolic disorders is NOT associated with oxidative stress in diabetic patients?

    <p>Hypoalphalipoproteinemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a systemic condition mentioned in the text?

    <p>Thyroid disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a broad brush overview of disease processes?

    <p>Seeing Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a target for conditions that occur elsewhere in the body?

    <p>Nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a systemic condition that affects the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Sarcoidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with elevated oxidative stress in diabetic patients?

    <p>Increased levels of advanced glycation end products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a systemic condition that affects the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a systemic condition that affects the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

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