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What is the effect of Testosterone on the mesonephric duct during intrauterine development?
What is the effect of Testosterone on the mesonephric duct during intrauterine development?
What happens to the gonadal tissue in the absence of Testosterone at week 10 of intrauterine development?
What happens to the gonadal tissue in the absence of Testosterone at week 10 of intrauterine development?
At what week do external genitals begin to develop?
At what week do external genitals begin to develop?
What structure in females corresponds to the scrotal tissue in males?
What structure in females corresponds to the scrotal tissue in males?
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Which characteristic develops under the influence of Testosterone in males?
Which characteristic develops under the influence of Testosterone in males?
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What happens if Testosterone is halted in a chromosomal male during development?
What happens if Testosterone is halted in a chromosomal male during development?
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How many immature eggs does a female have at birth?
How many immature eggs does a female have at birth?
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What characteristic of urine makes it unsuitable to contribute to the alkaline environment necessary for sperm survival?
What characteristic of urine makes it unsuitable to contribute to the alkaline environment necessary for sperm survival?
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What is the role of GnRH in sperm production?
What is the role of GnRH in sperm production?
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Why are the testes located outside the body?
Why are the testes located outside the body?
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What will happen to FSH and LH production when testosterone levels rise?
What will happen to FSH and LH production when testosterone levels rise?
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Which structure supports the urethra in the penis?
Which structure supports the urethra in the penis?
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What is the initial event that triggers erection in the penis?
What is the initial event that triggers erection in the penis?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding testicular placement?
Which of the following statements is true regarding testicular placement?
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What is the primary function of Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP)?
What is the primary function of Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP)?
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What is the composition of the erectile tissue in the penis?
What is the composition of the erectile tissue in the penis?
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What is the primary nerve supply for the anterior portion of the vulva?
What is the primary nerve supply for the anterior portion of the vulva?
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Which nerve is responsible for the sensation in the posterior vulva?
Which nerve is responsible for the sensation in the posterior vulva?
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What effect does normal stretching of the perineum during childbirth have?
What effect does normal stretching of the perineum during childbirth have?
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What is the approximate size of ovaries?
What is the approximate size of ovaries?
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Which hormones are produced by the ovaries?
Which hormones are produced by the ovaries?
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What happens to the ovaries, uterus, and breasts after menopause?
What happens to the ovaries, uterus, and breasts after menopause?
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How do ovaries appear on the surface when an unruptured Graafian follicle is present?
How do ovaries appear on the surface when an unruptured Graafian follicle is present?
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What is the primary role of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
What is the primary role of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
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What is the function of the endometrium layer in the uterine wall?
What is the function of the endometrium layer in the uterine wall?
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What happens to the endometrium when pregnancy does not occur?
What happens to the endometrium when pregnancy does not occur?
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Which hormone primarily influences the growth of the endometrium?
Which hormone primarily influences the growth of the endometrium?
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What does the endocervix produce during peak estrogen levels?
What does the endocervix produce during peak estrogen levels?
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Which layer of the uterine wall is responsible for muscle contractions during childbirth?
Which layer of the uterine wall is responsible for muscle contractions during childbirth?
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What role does the mucus produced by the endocervix play during ovulation?
What role does the mucus produced by the endocervix play during ovulation?
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What happens to the cervical mucus during pregnancy?
What happens to the cervical mucus during pregnancy?
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Which layer of the uterus is primarily a connective tissue?
Which layer of the uterus is primarily a connective tissue?
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What is the primary function of the myometrium layer of the uterus?
What is the primary function of the myometrium layer of the uterus?
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How many interwoven layers of smooth muscle compose the myometrium?
How many interwoven layers of smooth muscle compose the myometrium?
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What role does the perimetrium play in relation to the uterus?
What role does the perimetrium play in relation to the uterus?
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What is the significance of the ovarian artery joining the uterine artery?
What is the significance of the ovarian artery joining the uterine artery?
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Which layer of the uterus is responsible for expelling the fetus during childbirth?
Which layer of the uterus is responsible for expelling the fetus during childbirth?
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What effect does the arrangement of myometrial muscle fibers have?
What effect does the arrangement of myometrial muscle fibers have?
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Which vessel supplies blood to the uterus, branching from the descending abdominal aorta?
Which vessel supplies blood to the uterus, branching from the descending abdominal aorta?
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What is one of the primary functions of the myometrium following childbirth?
What is one of the primary functions of the myometrium following childbirth?
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Study Notes
Intrauterine Development
- Testosterone presence in a male fetus causes the mesonephric duct to develop into male reproductive organs and the paramesonephric duct regress.
- The absence of testosterone in a female fetus at week 10 causes the gonadal tissue to differentiate into ovaries and the paramesonephric duct develops into the female reproductive organs.
- All oocytes are formed in the ovaries by week 10 of intrauterine development.
- At week 12, the external genitalia develops; in males, testosterone causes the penile tissue to elongate and the urogenital fold closes, forming the urethra.
- In females, the absence of testosterone causes the urogenital fold to remain open, forming the labia minora. The scrotal tissue in a male develops into the labia majora in a female.
- If testosterone is halted in a male fetus it results in a chromosomal male with female-appearing genitalia.
- Testes that remain in the pelvic cavity may not produce viable sperm and are associated with testicular cancer.
Male Reproductive System: External Structures (Testes)
- Sperm production starts when the hypothalamus releases GnRH, which influences the APG to release FSH and LH.
- FSH releases androgen-binding protein and LH releases testosterone, which promotes sperm formation.
- As testosterone increases, a feedback effect is created on the hypothalamus and APG which slows down the production of FSH and LH, thereby regulating sperm production.
- One testis is usually larger than the other and is suspended slightly lower in the scrotum (usually the left one).
- Spermatozoa do not survive at temperatures as high as that of the body.
- The location of the testes outside of the body is 1 degree F lower than body temperature.
- Normal testes are firm, smooth, and egg-shaped.
Male Reproductive System: External Structures (Penis)
- The penis is composed of three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue: two called the corpus cavernosa and one called the corpus spongiosum.
- The penis serves as an outlet for both the urinary and reproductive tracts.
- The urethra passes through the erectile tissue of the penis.
- With sexual excitement, nitric oxide is released from the endothelium of blood vessels, leading to increased blood flow to the penis (engorgement).
- The ischiocavernosus muscle at the base of the penis contracts, trapping blood in the erectile tissue, leading to distention of the penis and subsequent erection.
Female External Structures
- The vulva is highly sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature due to a rich nerve supply.
- The anterior portion of the vulva is derived from the ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves (L1 level).
- The posterior portion of the vulva is derived from the pudendal nerve (S3 level).
- Normal stretching of the perineum during childbirth causes temporary loss of sensation in the area.
Female Internal Structures: Ovaries
- The ovaries are located near the uterus in the lower abdomen.
- They are almond-shaped, grayish-white, and approximately 4 cm long, 2 cm in diameter, and 1.5 cm thick.
- The ovaries function to produce, mature, and discharge ova (egg cells) and produce estrogen and progesterone.
- They initiate and regulate menstrual cycles.
- After menopause, the uterus, breasts, and ovaries undergo atrophy due to a lack of estrogen.
Female Internal Structures: Uterus
- The uterine wall is composed of three layers; the endometrium (inner), myometrium (middle), and perimetrium (outer).
- The endometrium is responsible for menstrual function and is highly sensitive to estrogen and progesterone.
- The endocervix is the mucous lining of the cervix and secretes mucus to lubricate the surface and allow sperm to pass through.
- The myometrium, or muscle layer, is composed of smooth muscle fibers that offer strength to the organ and prevent regurgitation of menstrual blood into the tubes.
- The myometrium also holds the internal cervical os closed during pregnancy to prevent preterm birth.
- The myometrium has an equal pressure to expel the fetus due to its unique muscle fiber arrangement.
- The perimetrium offers additional support and strength to the uterine structure.
Uterine Blood Supply
- The descending abdominal aorta divides into the two iliac arteries, which further subdivide to form the hypogastric arteries, supplying blood to the uterus.
- The ovarian artery (direct subdivision of the aorta) joins the uterine artery as a fail-safe system to ensure adequate blood supply to the uterus.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in intrauterine development, focusing on the role of testosterone in differentiating male and female reproductive systems. Understand how the presence or absence of this hormone influences the development of genitalia and gonadal tissues by specific weeks of gestation. Test your knowledge on these critical biological processes and their implications.
