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Questions and Answers
Which medication is used for prophylactic treatment of bronchial asthma and must be taken daily?
What is the main action of Cromolyn sodium in the treatment of asthma?
Which medication should NOT be used during an acute asthma attack?
What common side effect is associated with the use of Cromolyn sodium?
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Which medication acts like detergents to liquefy and loosen thick mucus secretions for expectoration?
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What is the main route of administration for Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)?
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Which phase of respiration involves the movement of air from the atmosphere through the upper and lower airways to the alveoli?
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What is the primary action of first-generation antihistamines like diphenhydramine?
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Which side effect is commonly associated with first-generation antihistamines like diphenhydramine?
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Which drug is classified as a second-generation non-sedating antihistamine?
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What is the main route of administration for diphenhydramine?
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Which phase of respiration involves the movement of molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration, allowing oxygen to pass into the capillary bed?
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What is the primary function of intranasal corticosteroids in treating upper respiratory disorders?
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What is a potential adverse effect of intranasal dexamethasone if used for longer than 30 days?
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Which medication is commonly used to suppress non-productive cough?
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What is a symptom that may indicate the need for intranasal corticosteroids like Flonase?
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Which medication is typically used to treat sinusitis inflammation?
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What is a common treatment recommendation for acute pharyngitis caused by streptococci?
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Which medication acts primarily on beta2 receptors for bronchodilation?
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What is a common side effect of epinephrine use?
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Which drug is an antitussive that reduces the viscosity of secretions?
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Study Notes
Glucocorticoids
- More effective in controlling asthma symptoms, especially bronchial hyperresponsiveness, compared to beta 2 agonists
- Inhaled glucocorticoids are preferred over oral preparations to minimize risk of adrenal suppression
- Systemic glucocorticoids may be given IV for rapid effectiveness in large doses for acute asthma exacerbations
- May need weaning or tapering of dose to prevent asthma symptom exacerbation and adrenal suppression with prolonged glucocorticoid therapy
Cromolyn and Nedocromil
- Used for prophylactic treatment of bronchial asthma
- Not used for acute asthmatic attacks
- No bronchodilator properties, but acts by inhibiting histamine release to prevent asthma reaction
- Administered by inhalation and may be used with beta adrenergics and xanthine derivatives
- Rebound bronchospasm is a serious side effect, drug must not be discontinued abruptly
Mucolytics
- Act like detergents to liquefy and loosen thick mucus secretions for expectoration
- May be administered as an adjunct to a bronchodilator
- Side effects include nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, and runny nose
- May be given orally, diluted in juice or soft drinks
- Antidote for overdose ingestion may be given orally or IV within 12-24 hours
Pharmacology for Asthma
- In young children, Cromolyn and Nedocromil are used to treat inflammatory effects of asthma
- Oral glucocorticoids may be prescribed to control moderate to severe asthmatic state
Respiratory Tract
- Upper respiratory tract: nares, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
- Lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
- Air enters through the upper respiratory tract and travels to the lower respiratory tract where gas exchange occurs
Phases of Respiration
- Ventilation: movement of air from atmosphere through upper and lower airways to alveoli
- Perfusion: blood flow at the alveolar-capillary bed influenced by alveolar pressure
- Diffusion: molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration
Chest Cavity
- Closed compartment bounded by 12 ribs, diaphragm, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, neck muscles, and intercostal muscles
- Pleura are membranes that encase the lungs
- Lungs divided into lobes: right lung has three lobes, left lung has two lobes
Upper Respiratory Disorder Drugs
- Antihistamines: used for allergic rhinitis, absorbed in 15 minutes, not potent for anaphylaxis
- First-generation antihistamines: cause drowsiness, dry mouth, and anti-cholinergic symptoms
- Second-generation antihistamines: fewer anticholinergic effects and lower incidence of drowsiness
Antitussives
- Act on the cough-control center in the medulla to suppress the cough reflex
- Used for nonproductive and irritating cough
- May be used in combination with other agents
Sinusitis
- Inflammation of the mucous membranes of one or more of the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, or sphenoid sinuses
- Systemic or nasal decongestant may be indicated
- Acute or severe conditions may require antibiotics
Lower Respiratory Disorder Drugs
- Sympathomimetics: cause bronchodilation
- Epinephrine: nonselective drug acting on Alpha1, Beta1, and Beta2
- Beta 2 agonists: given via MDI or DPI, effective for treatment and control of asthma
- Side effects of beta 2 agonists: tremors, headaches, nervousness, increased pulse rate, palpitations at high doses
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Description
Test your knowledge on the use of intranasal glucocorticoids for allergic rhinitis. Learn about the duration of use, different types of glucocorticoids, and precautions to take when using them.
