Chemical Bonding

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

What is the primary consequence of intramolecular hydrogen bond formation in certain molecules?

Enhanced association of molecules

Disproportionation of molecules

Increased reactivity of molecules

Negligible effect on physical properties (correct)

In which of the following compounds does hydrogen bonding affect dissociation in aqueous solution?

Hydrochloric acid

Sulfuric acid

Hydrogen fluoride (correct)

Acetic acid

What is the characteristic feature of the cage-like structure of water molecules in solid ice?

Tetrahedral linking of four water molecules (correct)

Octahedral arrangement of water molecules

Linear arrangement of water molecules

Tetrahedral linking of two water molecules

What is the temperature at which water exhibits maximum density?

277K Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate length of the hydrogen bond formed in HF, compared to the covalent O-H bond?

1.77 Å and 0.99 Å Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the solubility of lower alcohols in water?

Hydrogen bonding between water and alcohol molecules Signup and view all the answers

Why do compounds with hydrogen bonding exhibit abnormally high melting and boiling points?

Because of the strong intermolecular forces between molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of intramolecular hydrogen bonding on the solubility of a compound in water?

It decreases the solubility of the compound Signup and view all the answers

Why is o-nitrophenol sparingly soluble in water, while p-nitrophenol is completely soluble?

Due to the difference in the orientation of the –OH group Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy requirement for the formation of a chemical bond?

The energy of the aggregate formed is about 40 kJ mole lower than the separate particles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the increase in density of water upon heating up to 277K?

Breaking of hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the higher boiling points of compounds with intermolecular hydrogen bonding?

Stronger intermolecular forces Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hydrogen bonding on the solubility of compounds in covalent solvents?

It increases the solubility Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the higher viscosity and surface tension of substances with hydrogen bonding?

Stronger intermolecular forces Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of temperature on the extent of hydrogen bonding?

It decreases the extent of hydrogen bonding Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary condition for the formation of a covalent bond?

The combining atoms should be short by 1, 2, or 3 electrons in the valency shell. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds violates the octet rule?

PCl5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a polar covalent bond?

The electronegativity difference between the atoms is large. Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition for the formation of a covalent bond, in terms of electronegativity?

The electronegativity difference between the atoms should be zero or very small. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of covalent compounds?

They exist as gases or liquids under normal conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the covalency of an element in a group?

8 - [Number of the group to which element belongs] Signup and view all the answers

Which covalent compounds can conduct electricity in a solid state?

Graphite Signup and view all the answers

Why do some covalent compounds show variable covalency?

Due to the presence of vacant d-orbitals in their valency shell Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of covalent bonds?

They are rigid and directional Signup and view all the answers

Why are covalent substances generally insoluble in polar solvents like water?

Because they have a non-polar nature Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the bond in coordinate covalent compounds?

The bond is rigid and directional. Signup and view all the answers

Why are coordinate covalent compounds sparingly soluble in polar solvents like water?

Because they have a low dielectric constant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for dipole moment?

Debye (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Lewis octet rule?

A rule that states that all atoms have a full outer energy level of eight electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition for the formation of a covalent bond?

The atoms must have a low electronegativity difference. Signup and view all the answers