10 Questions
Which of the following is a common intracellular messenger?
cAMP
What type of intracellular proteins do cAMP and cGMP activate?
Kinases
What is the main effector molecule of IP3 and DAG intracellular messengers?
Calcium ions (Ca2+)
What do second messengers enable cells to do?
Produce coordinated response following ligand stimulation
How are intracellular signaling molecules like second messengers described in the text?
Short-lived
What is the main effector molecule of cAMP intracellular messenger?
Protein kinase A
Which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of cGMP?
Phosphodiesterase
What is the primary function of protein kinases in cellular signaling?
Phosphorylate other proteins
Which cellular function is regulated by protein kinase A?
Gene transcription
What leads to the rapid alteration in the activity of one or more cellular enzymes?
Removal or degradation of second messenger
Study Notes
Intracellular Messengers
- cAMP and cGMP are common intracellular messengers
- cAMP and cGMP activate protein kinases, a type of intracellular protein
IP3 and DAG Intracellular Messengers
- The main effector molecule of IP3 and DAG is protein kinase C (PKC)
Function of Second Messengers
- Second messengers enable cells to respond to extracellular signals, amplify signals, and integrate multiple signals
Description of Intracellular Signaling Molecules
- Intracellular signaling molecules like second messengers are described as molecules that relay signals from the cell surface to the cell interior
cAMP Intracellular Messenger
- The main effector molecule of cAMP is protein kinase A (PKA)
Synthesis of cGMP
- Guanylyl cyclase is the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cGMP
Function of Protein Kinases
- The primary function of protein kinases is to phosphorylate and activate other enzymes, leading to a cascade of reactions
Regulation of Cellular Functions
- Protein kinase A (PKA) regulates cellular functions such as glycogen metabolism, gene transcription, and ion channel activity
Alteration of Cellular Enzymes
- The rapid alteration in the activity of one or more cellular enzymes is typically led by a signal transduction pathway, involving second messengers and protein kinases.
Test your knowledge on intracellular messengers such as cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG, and Ca2+, their activation of intracellular proteins, effector molecules, synthesis steps, phosphorylation cascade, and the role of protein kinases and phosphatases in cellular responses.
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