Podcast
Questions and Answers
What characterizes the morphology of asbestos-related diseases?
What characterizes the morphology of asbestos-related diseases?
- Presence of asbestos bodies (correct)
- Presence of hyalinized collagen fibers
- Central necrosis in granulomas
- Well-formed non-necrotizing granulomas
What is a common respiratory issue associated with the late presentation of asbestos-related diseases?
What is a common respiratory issue associated with the late presentation of asbestos-related diseases?
- Chronic cough
- Pneumonia
- Pulmonary hypertension (correct)
- Acute bronchitis
Which of these features is NOT typically involved in the granulomas of sarcoidosis?
Which of these features is NOT typically involved in the granulomas of sarcoidosis?
- Giant cells
- Epithelioid macrophages
- Schaumann bodies
- Microorganisms (correct)
Which of the following is true regarding the presentation of sarcoidosis?
Which of the following is true regarding the presentation of sarcoidosis?
What is a significant risk factor associated with crystalline silica exposure?
What is a significant risk factor associated with crystalline silica exposure?
What changes might occur in the granulomas of chronic sarcoidosis?
What changes might occur in the granulomas of chronic sarcoidosis?
As the disease progresses in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, which of these symptoms may become more apparent?
As the disease progresses in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, which of these symptoms may become more apparent?
What type of fibrosis is associated with asbestos exposure?
What type of fibrosis is associated with asbestos exposure?
What is characterized by the presence of polypoid plugs of loose organizing connective tissue?
What is characterized by the presence of polypoid plugs of loose organizing connective tissue?
Which mineral dust exposure is directly linked to causing silicosis?
Which mineral dust exposure is directly linked to causing silicosis?
What type of lung disease is characterized by coal macules and nodules?
What type of lung disease is characterized by coal macules and nodules?
Which condition is commonly associated with the inhalation of organic dust from moldy hay?
Which condition is commonly associated with the inhalation of organic dust from moldy hay?
In which stages of silicosis are discrete pale to blackened nodules observed?
In which stages of silicosis are discrete pale to blackened nodules observed?
What is a significant feature that distinguishes complicated coal workers' pneumoconiosis from simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis?
What is a significant feature that distinguishes complicated coal workers' pneumoconiosis from simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anthracosis?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anthracosis?
Which air pollutant category is linked to inducing asthma?
Which air pollutant category is linked to inducing asthma?
What characterizes the earliest lesions in interstitial fibrosis?
What characterizes the earliest lesions in interstitial fibrosis?
Which demographic is most commonly affected by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?
Which demographic is most commonly affected by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?
What histological feature is typically absent in conditions associated with younger female patients who have interstitial lung disease?
What histological feature is typically absent in conditions associated with younger female patients who have interstitial lung disease?
What is the primary cause of destruction of alveolar architecture in IPF?
What is the primary cause of destruction of alveolar architecture in IPF?
Which combination of symptoms appears late in the course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Which combination of symptoms appears late in the course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
In the pathological examination of lungs affected by IPF, what pattern is observed?
In the pathological examination of lungs affected by IPF, what pattern is observed?
What is a common clinical manifestation of Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)?
What is a common clinical manifestation of Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)?
Which of the following is classified as a fibrosing disease within ILD?
Which of the following is classified as a fibrosing disease within ILD?
In acute exacerbations of interstitial lung disease, what condition may be superimposed?
In acute exacerbations of interstitial lung disease, what condition may be superimposed?
Which factor typically distinguishes the prognosis of conditions associated with interstitial lung disease from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Which factor typically distinguishes the prognosis of conditions associated with interstitial lung disease from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
What is the primary characteristic of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
What is the primary characteristic of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Which histological feature is typically seen in the pathology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Which histological feature is typically seen in the pathology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
What type of interstitial lung disease is characterized by drug reactions?
What type of interstitial lung disease is characterized by drug reactions?
Which disease is classified under granulomatous interstitial lung diseases?
Which disease is classified under granulomatous interstitial lung diseases?
What is the main cause of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as per the pathogenesis described?
What is the main cause of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis as per the pathogenesis described?
What distinctive feature is seen on the cut surface of lungs affected by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
What distinctive feature is seen on the cut surface of lungs affected by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Which condition is most specific for a CD4+/CD8+ ratio greater than 4?
Which condition is most specific for a CD4+/CD8+ ratio greater than 4?
What percentage of lymphocytes in BAL fluid is indicative of lymphocytic disorders?
What percentage of lymphocytes in BAL fluid is indicative of lymphocytic disorders?
Which condition is associated with >3% neutrophils in BAL fluid?
Which condition is associated with >3% neutrophils in BAL fluid?
What is an important consequence of recurrent small-sized emboli in the lungs?
What is an important consequence of recurrent small-sized emboli in the lungs?
Which type of pulmonary vascular disease corresponds to a mean pulmonary artery pressure of ≥25 mm Hg at rest?
Which type of pulmonary vascular disease corresponds to a mean pulmonary artery pressure of ≥25 mm Hg at rest?
Which condition is characterized by an increased percentage of eosinophils?
Which condition is characterized by an increased percentage of eosinophils?
What effect does a large embolus have on the pulmonary arteries?
What effect does a large embolus have on the pulmonary arteries?
Which of the following is NOT a common source of pulmonary embolism?
Which of the following is NOT a common source of pulmonary embolism?
What is observed during the acute phase of interstitial lung disease?
What is observed during the acute phase of interstitial lung disease?
Which cells are primarily involved in the interstitial pneumonitis associated with interstitial lung disease?
Which cells are primarily involved in the interstitial pneumonitis associated with interstitial lung disease?
What type of defect is typically observed on pulmonary function tests in interstitial lung disease?
What type of defect is typically observed on pulmonary function tests in interstitial lung disease?
Which imaging finding is commonly associated with sarcoidosis?
Which imaging finding is commonly associated with sarcoidosis?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by cystic patterns in interstitial lung disease?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by cystic patterns in interstitial lung disease?
What is a key feature of the bronchoscopy findings in patients under 60 years of age with interstitial lung disease?
What is a key feature of the bronchoscopy findings in patients under 60 years of age with interstitial lung disease?
What type of cellular pattern helps narrow the differential diagnosis of interstitial lung disease?
What type of cellular pattern helps narrow the differential diagnosis of interstitial lung disease?
In the context of lung disease, what does BAL stand for?
In the context of lung disease, what does BAL stand for?
What changes occur to fibroblastic foci in interstitial lung disease over time?
What changes occur to fibroblastic foci in interstitial lung disease over time?
Which statement about the inflammation present in fibrotic areas is correct?
Which statement about the inflammation present in fibrotic areas is correct?
What is a typical clinical feature that occurs late in the course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?
What is a typical clinical feature that occurs late in the course of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?
What typically characterizes the cut surface of lungs affected by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
What typically characterizes the cut surface of lungs affected by idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Which demographic is most likely to present with interstitial lung disease associated with connective tissue disease or hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
Which demographic is most likely to present with interstitial lung disease associated with connective tissue disease or hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
What impact does the dense fibrosis have on alveolar architecture in interstitial lung diseases?
What impact does the dense fibrosis have on alveolar architecture in interstitial lung diseases?
In the context of interstitial lung disease, what is often required to establish a definitive diagnosis?
In the context of interstitial lung disease, what is often required to establish a definitive diagnosis?
What is generally observed in acute exacerbations of interstitial lung disease?
What is generally observed in acute exacerbations of interstitial lung disease?
What is a late complication associated with asbestos-related diseases?
What is a late complication associated with asbestos-related diseases?
What morphological feature is specifically associated with granulomas in sarcoidosis?
What morphological feature is specifically associated with granulomas in sarcoidosis?
Which characteristic is NOT typically observed in pulmonary fibrosis associated with crystalline silica exposure?
Which characteristic is NOT typically observed in pulmonary fibrosis associated with crystalline silica exposure?
What type of cells are primarily responsible for the formation of non-necrotizing granulomas in sarcoidosis?
What type of cells are primarily responsible for the formation of non-necrotizing granulomas in sarcoidosis?
Which finding is characteristic of the interstitial fibrosis observed in asbestos-related diseases?
Which finding is characteristic of the interstitial fibrosis observed in asbestos-related diseases?
What significant change occurs in granulomas with chronicity in sarcoidosis?
What significant change occurs in granulomas with chronicity in sarcoidosis?
What clinical sign might indicate advanced pulmonary involvement in asbestos-related diseases?
What clinical sign might indicate advanced pulmonary involvement in asbestos-related diseases?
Which of the following is a recognizable feature of major pulmonary issues resulting from silicosis?
Which of the following is a recognizable feature of major pulmonary issues resulting from silicosis?
Which type of lung disease is primarily caused by exposure to inorganic mineral dust?
Which type of lung disease is primarily caused by exposure to inorganic mineral dust?
What is the primary histological feature observed in uncomplicated coal workers' pneumoconiosis?
What is the primary histological feature observed in uncomplicated coal workers' pneumoconiosis?
What environmental exposure is most commonly associated with inducing farmer's lung?
What environmental exposure is most commonly associated with inducing farmer's lung?
Which of the following is a distinguishing factor of complicated coal workers' pneumoconiosis compared to simple disease?
Which of the following is a distinguishing factor of complicated coal workers' pneumoconiosis compared to simple disease?
What histological structure is primarily associated with chronic organizing pneumonia?
What histological structure is primarily associated with chronic organizing pneumonia?
What common clinical symptom is associated with both viral and bacterial pneumonia?
What common clinical symptom is associated with both viral and bacterial pneumonia?
Which lung disease results from exposure to asbestos fibers?
Which lung disease results from exposure to asbestos fibers?
What is a common radiographic finding in lung diseases associated with chronic inflammation and fibrosing processes?
What is a common radiographic finding in lung diseases associated with chronic inflammation and fibrosing processes?
What histological changes are observed during the acute phase of interstitial lung disease?
What histological changes are observed during the acute phase of interstitial lung disease?
Which of the following conditions predominantly presents with restrictive defects on pulmonary function tests?
Which of the following conditions predominantly presents with restrictive defects on pulmonary function tests?
What type of biopsy is considered standard for diagnosing interstitial lung disease in patients under 60 years of age?
What type of biopsy is considered standard for diagnosing interstitial lung disease in patients under 60 years of age?
During which phase of interstitial lung disease are changes primarily centered on the bronchioles observed?
During which phase of interstitial lung disease are changes primarily centered on the bronchioles observed?
Which condition is associated with the presence of a predominantly nodular pattern in interstitial lung disease?
Which condition is associated with the presence of a predominantly nodular pattern in interstitial lung disease?
What is the expected pattern of distribution for interstitial lung disease in relation to lung zones?
What is the expected pattern of distribution for interstitial lung disease in relation to lung zones?
What clinical symptom is most commonly associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
What clinical symptom is most commonly associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
Which category of chronic interstitial lung disease primarily involves disorders characterized by organized inflammatory responses?
Which category of chronic interstitial lung disease primarily involves disorders characterized by organized inflammatory responses?
Which cellular profile in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is suggestive of a predominantly inflammatory pattern in interstitial lung disease?
Which cellular profile in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is suggestive of a predominantly inflammatory pattern in interstitial lung disease?
What feature is typically observed in the pathology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?
What feature is typically observed in the pathology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)?
In which condition is the cut surface of the lung typically described as showing firm, rubbery white areas of fibrosis?
In which condition is the cut surface of the lung typically described as showing firm, rubbery white areas of fibrosis?
What is likely to be a triggering factor in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
What is likely to be a triggering factor in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Which of the following diseases is categorized as a fibrosing interstitial lung disease due to its histological features?
Which of the following diseases is categorized as a fibrosing interstitial lung disease due to its histological features?
What type of lung interstitial disease is characterized by patches of edema and eosinophilia in the interstitium?
What type of lung interstitial disease is characterized by patches of edema and eosinophilia in the interstitium?
Which feature is most indicative of progressive interstitial pulmonary fibrosis?
Which feature is most indicative of progressive interstitial pulmonary fibrosis?
Which interstitial lung disease is associated with exposure to environmental agents leading to an aberrant repair response?
Which interstitial lung disease is associated with exposure to environmental agents leading to an aberrant repair response?
Which condition is primarily associated with an increase in BAL lymphocytes exceeding 15%?
Which condition is primarily associated with an increase in BAL lymphocytes exceeding 15%?
What is the typical CD4+/CD8+ ratio that indicates a high specificity for sarcoidosis?
What is the typical CD4+/CD8+ ratio that indicates a high specificity for sarcoidosis?
What percentage of eosinophils in BAL fluid is commonly associated with eosinophilic disorders?
What percentage of eosinophils in BAL fluid is commonly associated with eosinophilic disorders?
In the context of pulmonary embolism, what is a significant consequence of medium-sized emboli in a healthy lung?
In the context of pulmonary embolism, what is a significant consequence of medium-sized emboli in a healthy lung?
Which of the following conditions is most closely related to pulmonary hypertension due to left heart failure?
Which of the following conditions is most closely related to pulmonary hypertension due to left heart failure?
What is a common finding in patients with recurrent small-sized pulmonary emboli?
What is a common finding in patients with recurrent small-sized pulmonary emboli?
In the classification of pulmonary hypertension, which mechanism is NOT typically considered?
In the classification of pulmonary hypertension, which mechanism is NOT typically considered?
What is the mean pulmonary artery pressure that defines pulmonary hypertension at rest?
What is the mean pulmonary artery pressure that defines pulmonary hypertension at rest?
Flashcards
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)
A group of disorders affecting the lung's interstitial tissue, causing various clinical, radiological, and histological symptoms.
Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP)
Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP)
A type of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a common and serious form of ILD.
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)
A progressive lung disease characterized by scarring and stiffness in the lungs, ultimately leading to respiratory failure.
Pathogenesis of IPF
Pathogenesis of IPF
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Fibrosing ILD
Fibrosing ILD
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Granulomatous ILD
Granulomatous ILD
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Eosinophilic ILD
Eosinophilic ILD
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Lung Pathology in IPF
Lung Pathology in IPF
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Pneumoconiosis
Pneumoconiosis
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Silicosis
Silicosis
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Asbestosis
Asbestosis
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Asbestos-related diseases
Asbestos-related diseases
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Asbestos bodies
Asbestos bodies
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Anthracosis
Anthracosis
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Simple Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis
Simple Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis
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Sarcoidosis granulomas
Sarcoidosis granulomas
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Schaumann bodies
Schaumann bodies
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Progressive Massive Fibrosis
Progressive Massive Fibrosis
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Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis
Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis
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Asteroid bodies
Asteroid bodies
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Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
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Diffuse pulmonary interstitial fibrosis
Diffuse pulmonary interstitial fibrosis
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Asbestos-related pleural plaques
Asbestos-related pleural plaques
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Non-caseating granulomas
Non-caseating granulomas
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Fibroblastic Foci
Fibroblastic Foci
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Honeycomb Fibrosis
Honeycomb Fibrosis
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Clinical features of IPF
Clinical features of IPF
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Typical patient age for IPF
Typical patient age for IPF
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Other causes of ILD
Other causes of ILD
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Prognosis of Non-IPF ILD
Prognosis of Non-IPF ILD
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Subacute Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Subacute Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
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BAL Differential Cell Profile
BAL Differential Cell Profile
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Upper Lung Zone ILD
Upper Lung Zone ILD
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Lower Lung Zone ILD
Lower Lung Zone ILD
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Peripheral Reticular Pattern
Peripheral Reticular Pattern
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Ground Glass Opacity
Ground Glass Opacity
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Lymphocytic Cellular Pattern
Lymphocytic Cellular Pattern
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Eosinophilic Cellular Pattern
Eosinophilic Cellular Pattern
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Neutrophilic Cellular Pattern
Neutrophilic Cellular Pattern
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What is a Pulmonary Embolus?
What is a Pulmonary Embolus?
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Effects of Pulmonary Embolus
Effects of Pulmonary Embolus
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Pulmonary Hypertension: What is it?
Pulmonary Hypertension: What is it?
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Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension
Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension
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Pulmonary Hypertension: Importance
Pulmonary Hypertension: Importance
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What is Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)?
What is Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD)?
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Types of Chronic ILD
Types of Chronic ILD
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What is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)?
What is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)?
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Pulmonary Embolus
Pulmonary Embolus
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Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary Hypertension
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Hallmark of IPF
Hallmark of IPF
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What cells are present in IPF fibrosis?
What cells are present in IPF fibrosis?
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Early Symptoms of IPF
Early Symptoms of IPF
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IPF vs. Non-IPF ILD
IPF vs. Non-IPF ILD
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Typical IPF Patient
Typical IPF Patient
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Acute Exacerbation of IPF
Acute Exacerbation of IPF
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What is Pneumoconiosis?
What is Pneumoconiosis?
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What is Silicosis?
What is Silicosis?
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What is Asbestosis?
What is Asbestosis?
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What is Anthracosis?
What is Anthracosis?
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What is Simple Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis?
What is Simple Coal Workers' Pneumoconiosis?
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What is Progressive Massive Fibrosis?
What is Progressive Massive Fibrosis?
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What are coal macules?
What are coal macules?
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What are coal nodules?
What are coal nodules?
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Asbestosis: Progression
Asbestosis: Progression
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Clinical Picture: Asbestosis
Clinical Picture: Asbestosis
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What are Schaumann bodies?
What are Schaumann bodies?
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Sarcoidosis: Location of Granulomas
Sarcoidosis: Location of Granulomas
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Asbestos-Related Diseases: Definition
Asbestos-Related Diseases: Definition
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What is Pulmonary Hypertension?
What is Pulmonary Hypertension?
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Causes of Pulmonary Hypertension
Causes of Pulmonary Hypertension
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Importance of Pulmonary Hypertension
Importance of Pulmonary Hypertension
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Study Notes
Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) & Diseases of Vascular Origin
- ILD is a group of disorders characterized by generalized involvement of lung interstitium.
- Over 200 different diseases comprise ILD, distinguished by common clinical, radiological, and histological features.
- Fibrosing ILDs include usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), connective tissue disease-associated pneumonia, drug reactions, and radiation pneumonitis.
- Granulomatous ILDs like sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis are also part of the categories of chronic ILDs.
- Eosinophilic ILDs include pulmonary eosinophilia, smoking-related interstitial lung diseases like desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP) and respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD), and Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
- ILDs can be classified as idiopathic, iatrogenic, or related to systemic diseases based on the underlying cause.
- Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a type of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP).
- IPF is a progressive interstitial lung disease with reduced alveolar architecture and characteristic fibrosis.
- IPF causes inflammation in the lungs, with fibrous tissue accumulation.
- The cut surface of lungs with IPF shows white areas of fibrosis most common in lower lobes and subpleural regions.
- Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) is characterised by progressive fibrosis.
- The causes of IPF are still unknown but are believed to occur in genetically predisposed individuals with impaired alveolar repair.
- IPF is often diagnosed in older adults.
- Honeycomb fibrosis is caused by formation of cystic spaces lined by hyperplastic type II pneumocytes or bronchiolar epithelium in IPF.
- Characteristic features of IPF include gradually increasing dyspnea on exertion and a dry cough.
- Hypoxia, cyanosis, and clubbing are later stage manifestations, and the individual patient course is unpredictable.
- Most patients diagnosed with IPF are between 55 and 75 years old at presentation.
Non-Specific Interstitial Pneumonia (NSIP)
- NSIP is similar to IPF but patients are often younger and have not smoked.
- Characterized by a patchy interstitial involvement and is often associated with connective tissue diseases, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and HIV infection.
Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia
- COP is an inflammatory condition commonly presenting as a response to infection in the lungs.
- Often associated with viral or bacterial pneumonia.
- It shows patchy airspace consolidation in radiographs and features polypoid plugs of loose organizing connective tissue (Masson bodies) in histological examination.
Pneumoconiosis
- Pneumoconioses are chronic fibrosing lung diseases resulting from exposure to mineral dusts (silicosis, asbestosis), organic dusts (farmers lung), and other chemical fumes and vapours.
- Anthracosis is an example of simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis.
- This is characterized by coal macules and nodules in lungs and upper lobes of the lung.
- Complicated coal workers pneumoconiosis is marked by progressive massive fibrosis.
Pulmonary Diseases of Vascular Origin
- Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality.
- It is mostly caused by thrombi in calf veins.
- Large emboli can block the pulmonary trunk causing death, while medium sized emboli may not affect healthy lungs.
- Recurrent small emboli can lead to pulmonary hypertension eventually leading to right-sided heart failure.
Pulmonary Hypertension
- Pulmonary hypertension involves high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries.
- The mean pulmonary artery pressure is 20-25 mmHg at rest.
- The cause can be diverse and associated with left heart failure, lung diseases, hypoxia, chronic thromboembolic disease, and other multifactorial mechanisms.
Diffuse Pulmonary Hemorrhage Syndromes
- These syndromes are rare, potentially serious complications of interstitial lung diseases.
- Goodpasture syndrome involves circulating autoantibodies against the non-collagenous domain of the a3 chain of collagen IV, affecting lungs and kidneys.
- Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis is characterized by intermittent, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, mainly in children, with unknown cause.
- Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage can be associated with vasculitis.
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