Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the first step in the five-step process for ethical analysis?
What is the first step in the five-step process for ethical analysis?
Which of the following best describes why contemporary information systems pose challenges to individual privacy?
Which of the following best describes why contemporary information systems pose challenges to individual privacy?
What is an essential factor in determining responsibility and accountability in information systems?
What is an essential factor in determining responsibility and accountability in information systems?
Which of the following components is NOT fundamental to privacy?
Which of the following components is NOT fundamental to privacy?
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What ethical dilemma is often faced due to the capabilities of big data technologies?
What ethical dilemma is often faced due to the capabilities of big data technologies?
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What aspect of information systems raises new ethical questions regarding power and rights?
What aspect of information systems raises new ethical questions regarding power and rights?
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Which of the following is a legal concept that allows individuals to recover damages?
Which of the following is a legal concept that allows individuals to recover damages?
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Which amendment protects citizens from unreasonable search and seizure related to privacy in the United States?
Which amendment protects citizens from unreasonable search and seizure related to privacy in the United States?
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What is a factor that contributes to trust regarding personal data in information systems?
What is a factor that contributes to trust regarding personal data in information systems?
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What do cookies primarily do in the context of internet privacy challenges?
What do cookies primarily do in the context of internet privacy challenges?
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Which of the following terms refers to the claim of individuals to be free from surveillance?
Which of the following terms refers to the claim of individuals to be free from surveillance?
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What is one method spyware uses to potentially violate user privacy?
What is one method spyware uses to potentially violate user privacy?
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What is commitment in ensuring trust regarding data use?
What is commitment in ensuring trust regarding data use?
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Which of the following represents a new kind of crime related to information systems?
Which of the following represents a new kind of crime related to information systems?
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Which federal statute is significant in protecting privacy in the United States?
Which federal statute is significant in protecting privacy in the United States?
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What is the main reason businesses in the United States are allowed to gather transaction information?
What is the main reason businesses in the United States are allowed to gather transaction information?
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Which of the following describes the difference between opt-out and opt-in models in privacy practices?
Which of the following describes the difference between opt-out and opt-in models in privacy practices?
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Which technical solution has proven least effective in protecting users from being tracked online?
Which technical solution has proven least effective in protecting users from being tracked online?
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What key aspect does copyright protect?
What key aspect does copyright protect?
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What is the primary purpose of patents according to the provided content?
What is the primary purpose of patents according to the provided content?
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Which of the following is NOT a method of protecting intellectual property mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is NOT a method of protecting intellectual property mentioned in the content?
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What is a notable feature of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998?
What is a notable feature of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998?
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Study Notes
Internet Challenges to Privacy
- US businesses can collect transaction data and use for marketing purposes.
- Opt-out models are favored over opt-in models to protect commercial interests.
- Self-regulation favored in online industry over privacy legislation.
- Privacy statements are often complex and ambiguous
- Online "seals" of privacy principles are used to create a sense of security
- Technical solutions such as email encryption and anonymity tools have not effectively protected user privacy.
- Browsers offer "Private" browsing and "Do Not Track" options but their effectiveness is limited.
Property Rights: Intellectual Property
- Intellectual property refers to tangible and intangible products of the mind created by individuals or corporations
- Four main ways to protect Intellectual Property:
- Copyright
- Patents
- Trademarks
- Trade Secrets
Copyright
- Protects original forms of expression (not ideas) from being copied.
- Copyright law protects original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, and certain other intellectual works.
- Fair use doctrine allows limited use of copyrighted material for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.
- Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 aimed to update copyright laws for the internet age.
- Makes it illegal to make, distribute, or use devices that circumvent technology-based protections of copyrighted materials
- Safe-harbor provisions provide limitations of liability for online service providers in certain circumstances.
Patents
- Grant the owner a 20-year monopoly on the ideas behind an invention.
- The invention must be new, non-obvious, and novel
- Encourages inventors
- Promotes dissemination of new techniques through licensing
- Can stifle competition by raising barriers to entry.
Information Systems and Ethics
- Information systems raise new ethical questions because they create opportunities for:
- Intense social change, potentially threatening existing distributions of power, money, rights, and obligations.
- New kinds of crimes, such as ransomware.
Basic Concepts: Responsibility, Accountability, and Liability
- Responsibility involves accepting the potential costs, duties, and obligations for decisions.
- Accountability refers to mechanisms for identifying responsible parties.
- Liability is legal enforcement, permitting individuals and firms to recover damages done to them.
- Due process ensures that laws are well-known and understood, with an ability to appeal to higher authorities.
Information Rights: Privacy and Freedom in the Internet Age
Privacy
- The claim of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance or interference from other individuals, organizations, or the state.
- The claim to be able to control information about oneself.
- In the US, privacy is protected by:
- First Amendment (Freedom of Speech and Association)
- Fourth Amendment (Unreasonable Search and Seizure)
- Additional federal statues (e.g. Privacy Act of 1974)
Keys to Trust
- Assurance: Knowing exactly how one's data will be used
- Commitment: The company doesn't pass data on to third parties.
- Choice: The ability to control exactly what information is shared.
- Value: A clear understanding of how giving up data benefits oneself.
Internet Challenges to Privacy
- Cookies: Identify the browser and track visits to a site
- Super Cookies (Flash Cookies): Can persist even when browser cookies are deleted
- Web Beacons (Web Bugs): Tiny graphics embedded in emails and websites, used to track who is reading or visiting.
- Spyware: Surreptitiously installed on a user's computer, can transmit keystrokes and display unwanted ads.
- Google Services and Behavioral Targeting: Use data to tailor advertisements based on users' browsing behaviors.
The Dark Side of Big Data
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Problem: Opportunities from new technology but an undeveloped legal environment
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Solutions:
- Develop a big data strategy
- Develop privacy policies
- Develop big data predictive models
- Develop big data mining technology
- Develop big data analytics tools and predictive modeling systems
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Organizations such as Progressive and Deloitte Consulting LLP use predictive modeling to identify individual customers that fit risk or vulnerability profiles.
Ethics
- Ethics are principles of right and wrong that individuals, acting as free moral agents, use to make choices to guide their behavior.
Ethical Analysis
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Five-step process for ethical analysis:
- Identify and clearly describe the facts.
- Define the conflict or dilemma and identify the higher-order values involved.
- Identify the stakeholders.
- Identify the options that you can reasonably take.
- Identify the potential consequences of your options.
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Description
Test your understanding of the challenges to online privacy and the fundamentals of intellectual property. This quiz covers privacy issues in the US, methods of protecting intellectual property, and the implications of copyright law. See how well you know the balance between privacy and commercial interests.
