Internet Fundamentals Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What has primarily changed in the function of domain names over time?

  • They have become irrelevant in digital identity.
  • They are limited to only governmental use.
  • They are perceived as having broader identity and value. (correct)
  • They are now recognized only as technical identifiers.

Which organization is responsible for the management and allocation of gTLDs?

  • Independent Domain Managers (IDM)
  • Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) (correct)
  • Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)
  • Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

How did IANA come to be part of ICANN?

  • IANA merged with ICANN voluntarily for efficiency.
  • It was always part of ICANN as a subsidiary.
  • ICANN acquired IANA through a government order.
  • Its functions were transferred to ICANN through a contract. (correct)

What type of resources are domain names considered in an economic sense?

<p>Scarce resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) play in the distribution of IP numbers?

<p>They distribute IP numbers to sub-organizations and individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms of governance does the Domain Name System (DNS) primarily rely on?

<p>A web of contracts and informal agreements. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are some domain names gaining judicial recognition as property?

<p>Their scarcity leads to significant economic value. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of agreements has ICANN established to fulfill its mission?

<p>Contracts and informal agreements. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary condition for IT companies to process personal data?

<p>User's explicit consent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario can IT companies process communication content without user consent?

<p>When required by a court or tax authority (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of TCP in the TCP/IP protocol suite?

<p>To process and handle data from applications (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional requirement is needed in the EU for handling sensitive communication content?

<p>Authorization from Privacy Authorities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern expressed by IT users regarding data processing?

<p>Potential misuse due to lack of authorization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protocol is primarily responsible for the structural text that includes hyperlinks?

<p>HTTP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does IP in the TCP/IP suite primarily manage?

<p>Transmission of application data across the network (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the business sector generally view the use of personal data?

<p>As an opportunity for growth and profit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do IT users request from legislators regarding their data privacy?

<p>An increased level of privacy protection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Root servers play a critical role in managing which aspect of the Internet?

<p>Routing domain name queries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the risk posed to data confidentiality by IT devices?

<p>Digital privacy erosion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about HTTP?

<p>HTTP operates as a request-response protocol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which situation might lead to protests from IT users regarding data protection levels?

<p>Excessive data protection leading to service limitations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does packet switching refer to in Internet protocols?

<p>Segmentation of data into packets for transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the difference between TCP and IP?

<p>TCP is application-focused, while IP is network-oriented. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes 'Hypertext'?

<p>Text that contains links for navigation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the contracts and agreements in Internet governance?

<p>Guaranteeing the stability of the Internet (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization primarily conducts governance for Internet protocols and addressing without specific national regulations?

<p>ICANN (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Directive 2002/21/EC, what is stated about the responsibilities of national regulatory authorities?

<p>They do not establish new areas of responsibility for DNS and IP systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Internet governance is encouraged for EU Member States in Article 10(5)?

<p>To coordinate positions in international organizations regarding Internet addressing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key issue in Internet governance related to the allocation of IP addresses?

<p>Establishing policy for the allocation of IP number blocks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the Internet infrastructure described as self-governed?

<p>There is no comprehensive national regulation overseeing it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT fall under the scope of contracts/agreements concerning Internet governance?

<p>User data protection policies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary focus of Internet governance agreements includes all of the following EXCEPT:

<p>Establishment of e-commerce regulations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main classes of top-level domains (TLD)?

<p>Generic and Country Code (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a restriction applied to certain generic TLDs?

<p>.gov is restricted to public institutions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Domain Name System (DNS)?

<p>To translate domain names into numerical addresses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes the function of the distributed database at the core of the DNS?

<p>It maps domain names to corresponding IP numbers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these TLDs is specifically created for the Catalan community?

<p>.cat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ensures that no two computers have the same domain name on the Internet?

<p>The fundamental design goal of the DNS (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a sponsored TLD?

<p>.mobi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the DNS function in relation to internet queries?

<p>It ensures consistency in answers to the same queries from any location (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern regarding the collection and use of personal data by IT companies?

<p>Data may be used beyond what is necessary for the service. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'hands-off policy' of the European Union regarding internet governance?

<p>A lack of regulation on the collection of personal data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under data protection law, what must be true for companies collecting personal data?

<p>They must have a legitimate purpose and strict conditions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of online services, what do metadata represent, and why are they significant?

<p>They provide specific details like time and location, which are sensitive. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the conflicting interests between IT companies and users regarding personal data?

<p>Users wish to limit data usage to essential services, while companies seek to gather extensive data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What rights do individuals have concerning their personal data according to privacy laws?

<p>Individuals have rights that must be respected regarding the use and misuse of their data. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do regulations generally treat the gathering and usage of personal data?

<p>They require strict conditions to be followed for data usage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is protection of personal data necessary in online environments?

<p>To safeguard individuals from potential misuse of their personal information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sponsored TLDs

Top-level domains (TLDs) that are used by specific groups, organizations, or industries, such as .cat for the Catalan community and .mobi for mobile services.

Domain Name System (DNS)

A system that translates domain names into numerical IP addresses, allowing computers to find each other on the internet. It's like a telephone directory for the internet.

Country Code TLDs (ccTLDs)

Top-level domain names that represent countries, such as .it for Italy, .fr for France, .au for Australia, and so on.

Generic TLDs (gTLDs)

Top-level domain names that are widely used and apply to various types of websites, such as .com, .net, .org, and so on.

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DNS Database

A distributed database that stores the mapping of domain names to IP addresses.

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IP Address

Numerical addresses used to identify specific devices on the internet.

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Restricted TLDs

A type of generic TLD reserved for use by licensed professionals, individuals, or public institutions.

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Open TLDs

Domain names that are available for use by anyone. These are the most common types of domains.

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What is TCP/IP?

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a set of communication protocols that allow devices to connect and communicate on the internet and other private networks.

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What are the roles of TCP and IP?

TCP handles data processing and communication between applications, while IP handles network-level transmission.

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What is HTTP?

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the protocol used for communication between web browsers and web servers.

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What is hypertext?

Hypertext is text with embedded links to other content, allowing users to navigate between related information.

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How does HTTP work?

HTTP is a request-response protocol. A client (e.g., a web browser) sends a request to a server, and the server responds with the requested data (e.g., a web page).

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What are root servers?

Root servers are critical components of the Domain Name System (DNS). They help translate human-readable domain names (like google.com) into machine-readable IP addresses.

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What are IP addresses?

IP addresses are unique numerical labels assigned to devices on a network, allowing them to communicate with each other.

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What are domain names?

Domain names are human-readable names that correspond to IP addresses, making it easier for people to access websites and other online resources.

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Data Protection Law

The legal framework protecting personal data, including strict conditions for collecting, storing and using it.

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Metadata

Information associated with communication, like call timing and location, that can reveal personal details.

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Data Subject Rights

The right of individuals to control how their personal information is used, including the right to access, rectify, erase, restrict and object to processing.

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Data Minimization

The legal principle that data processing should be limited to what's absolutely necessary for the intended purpose.

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Data Analytics

The process of collecting and storing personal data to create statistical insights about user behavior.

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Data Re-use

The practice of using personal data for purposes beyond the initial collection, potentially impacting user privacy.

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IT Company Interest

Companies' interest in accessing and analyzing user data for various purposes, including service provision, business development and targeted marketing.

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User Interest

Users' desire to maintain control over their data and ensure it's used only for explicitly authorized purposes.

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Domain Name Allocation

The process of assigning domain names to individuals or organizations.

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Top-Level Domains (TLDs)

Top-Level Domains (TLDs) are the last part of a domain name, like .com, .org, or .net. They indicate the purpose or location of a website.

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IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for managing and allocating gTLDs (generic Top-Level Domains) worldwide.

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Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)

Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) are responsible for distributing IP numbers to Internet Service Providers (ISPs) within specific geographical regions.

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Domain Name Value

Domain names have evolved from simple addresses to become valuable brand identifiers and trademarks, reflecting their growing economic importance.

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Governance of the DNS

The governance of the Domain Name System (DNS), especially for gTLDs, is based on contractual agreements between ICANN and other entities.

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ICANN Agreements

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) has developed a network of contracts and informal agreements with various entities to achieve its mission of managing the internet's naming system.

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IANA's Relationship with ICANN

IANA, now a department of ICANN, was once an independent entity. Its functions were transferred to ICANN through a contract.

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Internet Governance Contracts

Contracts and agreements governing Internet governance, including IP address allocation, technical parameter coordination, ensuring universal connectivity, and guaranteeing stability, along with DNS rules.

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Internet Management

The process of managing the Internet, encompassing IP address allocation, technical coordination for connectivity, stability assurance, and DNS rules for users.

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ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

The organization responsible for coordinating the global Internet's Domain Name System (DNS) and IP address allocation, operating through contracts rather than specific regulations.

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Self-Governance of the Internet

The principle that the Internet infrastructure is primarily managed by its own community and institutions, rather than through strict government regulations.

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EU's Position on Internet Governance

The EU's stance on national regulation of the DNS and IP address systems, emphasizing the importance of global interoperability.

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EU Directive 2002/21/EC – Article 10(5)

An EU directive encouraging member states to work within international organizations to coordinate decisions on Internet naming, addressing, and numbering for global interoperability.

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IP Number Allocation

The allocation of IP numbers to users and organizations, essential for connecting to the Internet.

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Technical Coordination of the Internet

The coordinated management of technical aspects of the Internet to ensure universal connectivity, including protocols and standards.

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Data Privacy

The right of individuals to control how their personal information is collected, stored, and used.

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Consent in Data Protection

Explicit permission given by a user to collect, use, and store their personal data.

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Data Protection Legislation

Legal frameworks designed to protect individuals' personal data and information.

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Personal Data

Information that can be used to identify an individual, like name, address, or email.

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Balancing Data Use and Privacy

The balance between using personal data for business purposes and protecting individual privacy.

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Privacy Authorities

Government agencies responsible for enforcing data protection regulations and ensuring compliance.

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Digitalization of Privacy

The increasing reliance on digital technology and the potential impact on individual privacy.

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Business Use of Personal Data

The use of personal data by businesses to improve products, services, and marketing strategies.

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Study Notes

Internet Fundamentals

  • Internet is a specific method for data transmission
  • Key components of internet management include:
    • Protocols for data transmission (packet switching, TCP/IP, HTTP)
    • IP addresses and corresponding domain names
    • Root servers

TCP/IP

  • TCP/IP are fundamental communication protocols for connecting network devices on the internet
  • They can also be used in private networks (e.g., intranets, extranets)
  • TCP handles data processing and application handling
  • IP manages network-oriented data transmission and reception

HTTP

  • HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the application protocol that forms the basis of the World Wide Web
  • It uses logical links (hyperlinks) between texts to create structural hypertext
  • HTTP facilitates data exchange or transfer of hypertext
  • The protocol operates on a request-response principle
  • A client (node) sends a request to a server, which responds with relevant information (e.g., website content).

Domain Names

  • Domain names are user-friendly translations of numerical IP addresses
  • They improve memorability and understandability compared to IP addresses
  • Domain names have mnemonic functions
  • Domain names also function as a cataloging system that facilitates network management

Domain Names (cont.)

  • Each domain name is unique
  • It does not need to be associated with a single consistent IP number
  • It should map to a particular IP number or a set of numbers
  • Domain names have two main parts:
    • Top-Level Domain (TLD)
    • Second-Level Domain (SLD)
  • Potentially huge amount of domain name strings based on available characters
  • May include a third-level domain, usually between two and five levels
  • The character set for domain names is under development (e.g., internationalized domain names)

Top-Level Domains (TLD)

  • Two main classes of TLDs:
    • Generic TLDs (.com, .net, .org, .gov, .edu, .mil, .int, .info, .biz)
    • Country Code TLDs (.it, .fr, .au, .ru, .uk)
  • Sponsored TLDs are also available (.cat, .mobi)

Domain Naming restrictions

  • Some generic TLDs are restricted (e.g., .pro for professionals, .name for individuals, .gov for government institutions)

Domain Name System (DNS)

  • Essentially is a system for mapping, assigning, and registering domain names
  • Translates domain names into numerical IP addresses
  • Analogous to a telephone directory that maps names to phone numbers
  • Ensures all parts of the Internet can find each other by converting domain names to numerical IP addresses

DNS Architecture

  • DNS is a distributed database
  • Holds information on which domain names map to IP numbers
  • Data files are known as roots, stored on root servers
  • Servers are hierarchically ordered, with top servers holding master files for specific top-level domains
  • New TLD additions are managed by ICANN

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

  • Non-profit organization responsible for coordinating maintenance and procedures of Internet namespaces
  • Ensures stable and secure Internet operation
  • Independent organization handling various aspects of the Internet
  • ICANN has shifted from government oversight to multi-stakeholder governance

Domain Name Issues

  • Allocation of domain names to persons/organizations
  • Types of TLDs that are permitted

Domain Name Conflicts

  • Domain names have changed their function: evolving from identifiers to broadly defining ones and carrying value (e.g., trademarks)
  • They are also considered scarce resources in the economic sense
  • Several have acquired high economic value; hence, recognition as a form of property

DNS Governance

  • Primarily based on contracts
  • IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority), a department of ICANN, handles the allocation of gTLDs
  • ICANN and regional internet registries oversee the allocation of IP numbers

Contractual Agreements (DNS Governance)

  • ICANN creates contracts/agreements with relevant entities for network stability
  • Establishes policies for allocating IP number blocks
  • Coordinates assignments of other technical parameters for maintaining internet connectivity
  • Guarantees internet stability
  • Determines policies for assignment of DNS to users

Internet Governance Conclusions

  • No specific regulations for DNS and IP address systems by national legal bodies
  • Internet infrastructure and management mainly self-governed
  • EU Directive 2002/21/EC recognizes Internet naming and addressing autonomy

ePrivacy Concerns

  • Sharing personal information (name, address, credit card numbers) when using online services like banking, social media, or booking flights
  • Issues surrounding data handling, protection from misuse, and individual rights

Personal Data Protection

  • All legal systems recognize the protection of personal data
  • Data gathering, storage, and use are regulated under strict conditions
  • Focus on data protection regulations, particularly concerning users' interests
  • The concept of consent in data usage is highlighted

Conflicts of Interest

  • Users want confidential data use, while service providers seek extensive data collection and use
  • This balancing act of interests is critical in data protection
  • Laws prioritize balancing interests in data collection

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