International Wars and Human Nature

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Questions and Answers

The development of agriculture was a vital step in the evolution of human societies beyond a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.

True (A)

Competition and imitation are common behaviors within a group.

True (A)

Reputation is irrelevant in the context of international relations.

False (B)

Fear is an emotion that can lead to both dangerous situations and constructive problem-solving.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Warfare is an outdated concept in the modern world.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modern societies value pacifism.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that France left NATO due to a lack of freedom of movement.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Brian Kellog treaty of 1928 outlawed all forms of warfare.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text claims that emotions were always considered important factors in international relations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The security of Europe is a collective undertaking by European nations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted a breakdown in global cooperation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that carpet bombing a city is motivated by a desire to increase morale.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text presents Hobbes' view of human nature as inherently good and cooperative.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that Darwin's theory of evolution supports the idea that cooperation is essential for survival.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text states that alliances are formed in social sciences to achieve personal gain.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text argues that the EU's response to the pandemic was a complete failure due to its lack of effective coordination.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During times of scarce resources, violence within a group can be handled by a specialized subgroup dedicated to managing violence.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Personal identity is a fixed concept, unchangeable due to its importance for individual existence.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The invention of social media has strengthened the sense of belonging to something bigger than oneself.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The international system is a fixed and immutable structure inherent to the world.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Huntington's theory, the world will be divided into civilizations after the Cold War, leading to inevitable conflict between them.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Democratic Peace Theory suggests that democratic nations are more likely to go to war with each other.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text argues that a strong legal system is essential for preventing failed states.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of force to promote democracy is always justified if the target country is ruled by a dictator.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text points to France as an example of a country where the president has complete control over declaring war.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that the risk of war between two democratic nations is almost nonexistent.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A decisive victory is a major factor in ending a war.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fear of losing face or reputation is a factor that can prolong a war.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that sanctions are always an effective means of ending a war.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text highlights the importance of understanding the enemy's capabilities and motivations in order to end a war.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The invention of the computer has revolutionized warfare resulting in a rapid shift from infantry-style warfare to a speed-based, technology-dependent approach.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of drones in warfare eliminates all risks for human lives.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text argues that the political objectives of war can remain unchanged throughout a conflict.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into warfare has only positive outcomes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that public opinion always leads to the end of a war.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clausewitz's concept of war focuses primarily on achieving decisive victories.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text emphasizes that war termination theories are easily formulated because the process is straightforward.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that there are no strong theories on how wars end.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text explains that a commitment issue arises when the enemy cannot be trusted to keep their word.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The development of robots in warfare eliminates the need for human involvement in war.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text argues that the question of Ukraine as a potential world war has been a consistent concern.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that the potential future of the Ukraine conflict is likely to involve a negotiated settlement.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Identity Politics

Political debate focusing on specific traits of identity.

Primordial Identity

An identity considered essential and unchangeable.

Constructed Identity

Identity formed by social influences and can change.

Fragmentation of Society

Social division intensified by modern communication.

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Huntington's Theory

Post-Cold War vision of civilizations in conflict.

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Democratic Peace Theory

A theory suggesting that democracies are less likely to engage in war with one another.

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Impact of War Decisions

Democratic leaders face consequences of war that limit their discretion in military decisions.

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Democratization

The process of transitioning from a non-democratic to a democratic system, often vulnerable to challenges.

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Failed State

A state with weak institutions, leading to lawlessness and power vacuums often associated with violence.

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War for Democracy

The controversial idea that using military force can establish democracy, which is generally viewed as flawed.

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Human Nature in War

The assumption that humans are inherently evil, leading to domination.

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Rational Choice

An economic theory where decisions are made logically for maximum benefit.

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De Gaulle's NATO Exit

The decision by France's De Gaulle to leave NATO for independence in military matters.

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Biological and Evolutionary Theory

A theory suggesting human behavior is driven by survival instincts and dominance.

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Nature vs. Nurture Debate

The discussion about whether behavior is determined by genetics or environment.

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Survival of the Fittest

Darwin's concept that only those who adapt well survive and thrive.

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Social Skills in Cooperation

The importance of kindness and trust in building alliances.

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Impact of COVID-19 on Cooperation

The pandemic strained global relationships and cooperation among countries.

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War Termination Elements

Key factors influencing how and when wars end, including military strength, balance of power, and political goals.

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Sunk Cost Fallacy

The tendency to continue a failing endeavor due to previously invested resources, often leading to greater losses.

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Decisive Victory

A clear win in war where one side cannot continue fighting and must accept defeat.

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International War Termination

How global powers influence the end of wars through negotiation pressure, support, or sanctions.

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Domestic War Termination

Factors within a country, such as public opinion or new leadership, that can lead to the end of conflict.

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Commitment Issues in Wars

The challenge of assessing an enemy's intentions and the value of their communicated promises during conflict.

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Bargaining Model of War

A view of war where combat serves to reveal information, influencing negotiation readiness between parties.

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Political Objectives in War

Goals that need to be achieved for a war to end, which may shift based on battlefield developments.

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Specialization in groups

The process where members focus on specific tasks to enhance group efficiency.

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Importance of agriculture

Agriculture allowed humans to transition from nomadic to settled lifestyles, enabling group organization.

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Emotions in warfare

Emotions like fear and reputation play pivotal roles in conflicts and international relations.

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Power and status

Having power and maintaining status is crucial in diplomacy and war dynamics.

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Zero casualties warfare

An approach to conflict aimed at minimizing or eliminating military casualties.

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Soft power

The ability to influence others without force, often through diplomacy and culture.

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Kellog-Briand Pact

A 1928 treaty that aimed to prohibit war except for collective security.

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Civilization and war

Modern civilizations have evolved to prefer non-violent methods over warfare.

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Clausewitz's view on war

War is a clash of wills, aiming to change the enemy's will with force.

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Modern warfare changes

Warfare evolved with computers and speed, relying on communication.

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Role of drones

Drones are cost-effective, risk-free, and lethal tools in warfare.

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AI in warfare

Artificial intelligence is influencing military strategies and decisions.

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War termination theories

There are theories on how wars end: decisive victories and negotiations.

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International model of war termination

Wars are sometimes ended by the influence of major powers.

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Domestic model of war termination

Focuses on internal factors within a country that lead to war ending.

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Bargaining model of war termination

Combat serves as a form of negotiation and information adaptation.

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Study Notes

International Wars and Conflicts

  • Various levels of analysis are used to understand conflict, including individual instincts, group dynamics, and international systems.
  • War, historically a means of conquest, is becoming less common.
  • The EU has facilitated peace amongst previously hostile nations, suggesting that wars might be obsolete.
  • The use of force can sometimes be a tactic in diplomacy.
  • War for justice is a common justification, as seen in interventions like Kosovo and Libya.
  • Many factors contribute to the use of violence in international relations, including uncertainty and the pursuit of power.
  • The war on terror following 9/11 is a major conflict.
  • Democracies are less likely to fight each other.
  • Technology and globalization have dramatically altered warfare.

Human Nature and War

  • Evolutionary psychology suggests a potential link between human nature and violence.
  • War's causes may include honor, reputation, fear, and the desire for domination.
  • Culture and religion may shape views on violence and war.
  • The concept of a "state of nature" is explored, highlighting the potential for human conflict.
  • Historical figures such as Hobbes illustrate the concept of human nature as inherently driven by self-interest
  • Civilizations, as posited by Huntington, may clash in a post-Cold War era.
  • War, in many cases is driven by resource issues or a desire for expansion.
  • War is now obsolete because humankind has devised other means of settling conflicts, and violence has been used for criminal purposes only. The most civilized way of dealing with conflicts is to deal with them directly, with no bloodshed or violence.

War and Identity

  • Identity plays a role in civil wars and international conflicts, particularly regarding ethnicity and nationalism.
  • Greed and grievances are two main motivators for civil conflict.
  • Civil wars are complex and often driven by economic factors, political grievances, and ecological factors.
  • External intervention can be necessary in civil wars to avert humanitarian crises and atrocities.
  • Rwanda and Bosnia serve as examples of genocidal civil conflict, highlighting ethnic tension, manipulation, and the need for decisive interventions.
  • Ethnic cleansing is a tactic involving the expelling of people from their territory.

War and Decision Making

  • Decision-making processes regarding war often involve complex strategic calculations and ethical dilemmas.
  • Democracies have constraints on war initiation, impacting diplomatic outcomes.
  • Diplomacy and negotiations are often used to avoid violence.
  • Emotions, such as fear, play a role in decision making regarding the use of force.
  • Information is vital to assess the strength and intentions of opposing forces.
  • Maintaining reputation, particularly among states, is crucial to achieving political objectives.

Modern Warfare and Technology

  • The invention of computers, social media, and other advanced technologies has dramatically changed the nature of war.
  • Warfare is influenced by strategic communication, the use of social media, and technological advancements.
  • Speed and accuracy are now crucial elements in warfare.
  • The impact of technology on modern war is profound, with more advanced weapons and methods of conflict arising for the modern era.

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