International Relations Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a balance of power situation in international relations?

A situation where no power is dominant in the international system.

Explain bipolarity in the context of international politics.

Two superpowers compete with one another, and other states fall within the sphere of influence of one or the other superpower.

What is global governance?

The process whereby a number of different actors provide a certain degree of order and predictability to relations among states.

What is a hegemon in the context of international relations?

<p>A superpower that exercises power primarily through leadership and persuasion, thus a large consensus is created around its actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the concept of international anarchy in international relations.

<p>The absence of a central authority to make and enforce rules upon states in the international system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is realism in international relations?

<p>An approach to the study of international politics that assumes that, because the international system is anarchic, security is the major preoccupation of states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Realist perspective on bipolarity?

<p>In a bipolar system, two superpowers are bound to compete with one another, and most if not all other states will fall under the influence of the superpowers that keep each other in check, increasing their power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the limitations of global governance according to Realists?

<p>Realists are skeptical of global governance, viewing it as limited by the ability and willingness of major powers. States prioritize sovereignty, leaving the international system anarchic despite shifts in power distribution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is liberal internationalism in international relations?

<p>An approach to international politics that assumes that increased social and cultural connections and economic interdependence are leading to the emergence of global civil society, in which cooperation, rule of law, and peace are valued and global governance is spreading both functionally and geographically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are consolidated democracies?

<p>Countries with democratic governments that are stable, well accepted by ordinary citizens and political elites, and unlikely to be overthrown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a coup d’état?

<p>A forcible overthrow of government by the military.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the meaning of democratic transition.

<p>A process of change involving abandoning authoritarian government for democratic rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does dependency theory argue about underdevelopment?

<p>Dependency theory argues that underdevelopment results from unequal power relations between the centre (dominant capitalist countries) and the periphery (poor, dependent countries).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define development in the context of international relations.

<p>A condition that involves the satisfaction of the basic needs of all of the people as well as the means for them to live fulfilling and productive lives based on the creation of a more diversified, sophisticated, and sustainable economy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the free-market economic model.

<p>An economic model that emphasizes private enterprise and significantly limits the economic role of the state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Washington Consensus?

<p>A series of policies put together by the IMF and the WB that encourage developing countries generate more revenue for debt repayment by cutting government expenditures to balance their budgets, selling off government-owned enterprises (privatization), and fully opening their countries to foreign goods and investments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an international financial institution (IFI)?

<p>An organization that has some ability to affect the global economic system, for example, IMF and the World Bank.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is modernization theory?

<p>A development model that views the traditional values, practices, and institutions of the Global South countries as the basic cause of underdevelopment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Official Development Assistance (ODA)?

<p>Aid to the poorer countries given by the governments of the richer countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a protectionist economic policy?

<p>An economic policy that uses high tariffs to ensure that domestic firms have an edge when competing with foreign companies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a statist economic model?

<p>An economic policy that gives government a significant role in directing a country’s economy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of export-led industrialization.

<p>A model of economic development with a capitalist system in which government and the biggest businesses co-operate to develop export industries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is import substitution industrialization (ISI)?

<p>This model aims to reduce imports and promote domestic production of goods that were previously imported, often with a focus on developing manufacturing industries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a structural adjustment program (SAP)?

<p>A program administered by international financial institutions, which offers loans at very low interest rates to governments facing problems paying their debt on the condition that they adopt the programs endorsed by the Washington Consensus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a capitalist economic system?

<p>A system in which most businesses and corporations are privately owned and seek profit in a competitive market through the production and sale of goods and services with prices and wages determined by the workings of supply and demand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Keynesian economic policies?

<p>Total demand (or spending) in an economy is what drives growth and determines the level of jobs and production. When people and businesses spend more, the economy grows. If spending falls, the economy can shrink, leading to unemployment. Stimulating the economy, spending money/reducing taxes, when private investments are low. Cooling the economy, reducing spending/raising taxes, when investment creates inflation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'New Public Management'?

<p>The adoption of practices of private business in the administrative activities of government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pluralistic perspective on public policy?

<p>A perspective that views public policies as the outcome of competition among a wide variety of organized groups that seek to protect and promote the interests of their members, with no group having a dominant influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Public Choice Theory?

<p>A perspective based on the assumption that all political actors rationally attempt to maximize their own individual interests or preferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define public policy.

<p>A course of action or inaction chosen by public authorities to address a given problem or interrelated set of problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the state-centred theory argue about public policy?

<p>A perspective that views public policies as reflecting the preferences and priorities of those in important positions of authority within various state institutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Deputy Minister in a government department?

<p>The deputy minister runs the department with oversights by the Cabinet minister who is the political head of the department</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Trickle-Down Economics?

<p>Tax cuts for the wealthy aim to boost investment, creating jobs and economic growth. Supply-side Economics advocates increasing supply by lowering taxes on businesses and high-income earners to encourage production and reduce prices. The &quot;trickle-down&quot; effect suggests wealth eventually benefits all classes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Neo-Marxist theory argue about public policy?

<p>Neo-Marxist theory views politics as reflecting the conflicts that result from the way society is organized, public policies in a capitalist society reflect the unequal power relations between the dominant capitalist forces and the subordinate working class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sovereignty?

<p>The principle that states are the highest authority for their population and territory and are not subject to any external authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a nation and a state?

<p>Nation: A group of people who share a sense of common identity and who typically believe they should be self-governing within their homeland. State: independent, self-governing political community whose governing institutions have the capability to make rules that bind the population resigning in a given territory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define official multiculturalism.

<p>The policy of recognizing the cultural diversity of the country and providing encouragement and support for those of different cultures to help them retain and foster their cultures and traditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ethnic nationalism?

<p>Nationalism based on common ancestry along with the cultural traditions and language associated with a particular ethnic group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between de jure and de facto sovereignty?

<p>De Jure: Legal right to absolute control over a territory. Example: Afghanistan (Taliban took power in 2021 but is not UN-recognized).De Facto: Actual ability to wield political power. Example: Taiwan (has its own government but is not internationally recognized due to the &quot;One China&quot; policy).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a constitutional monarchy?

<p>A system of governing in which the monarch acts as official head of state but is strictly limited in power by the constitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a constitution?

<p>A constitution whose major provisions are set out in a formal constitutional document or a set of constitutional documents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define political conflict.

<p>A state of opposition, usually involving groups and the state, over something government is doing or proposes to do.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is political protest?

<p>Oppositional political action that takes place outside formal channels, generally seeking to have government make significant changes in its policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Alt-right?

<p>An American anti-democratic, racist, group that embraces violence and presents itself as the alternative to democratic conservatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is terrorism?

<p>The deliberate use of violence designed to induce fear in a population in order to achieve a political objective</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an insurgency?

<p>A rebellion or revolt, especially one employing the tools of guerrilla warfare</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is counter-insurgency?

<p>A blend of military and political action taken by a government to defeat an insurgency. The tactics are usually described as a mixture of repression and reform.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a revolution?

<p>The use of violence to overthrow a government, especially when the overthrow is followed by rapid, thorough social, economic, and political restructuring</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a social revolution?

<p>A revolution that changes not just who governs but also how a state is organized and how its society and economy are structured</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define marginalization.

<p>Exclusion from the mainstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is civil disobedience?

<p>Deliberate lawbreaking that accepts punishment by state authorities as part of the action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is guerrilla warfare?

<p>A form of highly political warfare around lightly armed irregulars who oppose a government and use hit and run tactics and political work to take power</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is regime violence?

<p>political violence used by a government against its citizens, generally as a way to repress dissent and keep order</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define segregation.

<p>the legal separation of blacks and whites, particularly in the southern United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is political violence?

<p>the use of physical force with a political objective</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain Asymmetrical federalism.

<p>A version of federalism in which some provincial or state governments have a greater degree of self-government than others</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Classical/Dual federalism?

<p>A version of federalism in which the federal and provincial or state governments each concern themselves with their own areas of constitutional authority without infringing upon the areas of authority of the other level of government</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a confederal system?

<p>A system of governing in which sovereign states have agreed to delegate some of their authority to a joint government with limited authority while retaining their sovereignty</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe Cooperative federalism.

<p>A federal system in which the two levels of government are jointly involved in developing, financing, and administering many government services</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define devolution.

<p>A system of governing in which the central government grants some legislative (law- making) powers as well as administrative responsibilities to one or more regional bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are equalization payments?

<p>Payments made by the federal government to try to ensure that poorer provincial governments are able to provide an equivalent level of services to their populations without resorting to excessive levels of taxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define a unitary system.

<p>A system of governing in which sovereign authority rests with the central government; regional and local governments are subordinate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a two-party system?

<p>A party system in which two major parties contend to control the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a federal system and a unitary system?

<p>Unitary has subordinate governments, they respond to an authority/was granted their authority while federal is where regional governments derive their own authority from its constitution and is considered a division of powers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Cabinet?

<p>Led by the PM, with Cabinet ministers having the responsibility of heading a government department. Accountable to the house of commons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to maintain Cabinet secrecy?

<p>Views expressed in Cabinet remain secret enable full and frank discussion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of Cabinet solidarity?

<p>each member of the Cabinet is expected to fully support and defend the decisions &amp; actions that Cabinet takes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Canadian House of Commons?

<p>the elected chamber of Parliament, with each member representing a particular electoral district</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a coalition government?

<p>A government in which two or more political parties jointly govern, sharing the Cabinet positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the head of state and the head of government?

<p>In a parliamentary system, the head of state is an important but largely ceremonial position but has the responsibility to ensure that a legitimate government is in place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Lieutenant Governor?

<p>the person who carries out the duties and responsibilities of the monarch at the provincial level in Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of a majority government.

<p>The government formed when the PM’s party has a majority of the members of the House of Commons, this a single party forms the government</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a minority government?

<p>A single party governs, but that party does not have a majority of the members in the House of Commons. Thus, a minority government needs to gain the support of one or more other parties to pass legislation and to stay in office.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Official Opposition?

<p>The party with the second-highest number of seats in the House of Commons, the official opposition leads off the questioning or criticism of government everyday that the House is sitting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a non-confidence motion?

<p>A motion put forward by opposition members in a legislature expressing a lack of confidence in the government. If passed, the PM is expected to either resign or request that an election be held.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a parliamentary system?

<p>Close interrelationship between the political executive (PM &amp; Cabinet) and Parliament (the legislative or lawmaking body). The executive is generally composed of members of the House of Commons (the elected parliamentary body) and must maintain the support of the House of Commons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define party discipline.

<p>expectation that members of each part will vote in accordance with the position that the party has adopted in caucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Prime Minister’s Office?

<p>office that provides support and political advice to the prime minister.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who are Private Members?

<p>Ordinary members of the House of Commons who are not in the Cabinet</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Senate?

<p>The upper chamber of Parliament, appointed on the recommendation of the PM. Senators hold their positions until age 75. Government does not need to maintain confidence of the senate, &quot;sober second thought&quot; to check the House of Commons. Legislation requires approval from both the House of Commons and Senate, except for constitutional changes, which can be overridden by the Commons after 180 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are checks and balances in the American presidential system?

<p>A basic principle of the American presidential system in which each of the three branches of government is able to check the actions of the others so that no individual or institution becomes too powerful</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Congress?

<p>Congress is the bicameral legislature in the US government, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, responsible for making laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the House of Representatives?

<p>the lower chamber of the US Congress</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of impeachment.

<p>president and other public officials can be removed from office after being accused of criminal behavior and convicted by a legislative body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe a presidential system of government.

<p>A system of governing in which the president and Congress each separately derive their authority from being elected by the people and having a fixed term of office.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a presidential veto?

<p>the ability of the president to prevent the passage of a bill. Can be overridden by 2/3 majority in Congress</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of a semi-presidential system.

<p>elected president with a fixed term of office shares executive power with a prime minister and Cabinet who are collectively responsible to an elected legislature</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the principle of separation of power in a presidential system.

<p>executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government are separate from each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do parliamentary and presidential systems differ?

<p>Parliamentary: Close relation between head of executive (PM and Cabinet) and legislative (Parliament) and executive is accountable to parliament and must retain support to remain in office. Upper Chamber: Senate, Lower: HOC</p> <p>Presidential: Strong separation of power, president is head of state and government and does not need support of legislature. Power check includes approval on presidential nominations by senate. Lower Chamber of Congress: House of Representatives, elected members of districts. Upper chamber: Senate, two elected from each state. president and congress have separate bases of authority. Direct election of the president by the people</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does leadership differ between parliamentary and presidential systems?

<p>Parliamentary: Decisive action is easier with a majority government due to legislative dominance by the prime minister and Cabinet. Weak, unstable governments may result from fragmented party systems and unstable coalitions.</p> <p>Presidential: Strong, stable leadership with security of office. Presidents are elected in national votes and claim to represent the entire country. Limited ability to ensure coherent policy adoption due to Congress's independence, making decisive domestic action difficult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Balance of power

A situation in international relations where no single power dominates.

Bipolarity

Two major powers compete for influence.

Global governance

International cooperation to maintain order and predictability.

Hegemon

A powerful state leading others through influence.

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International Anarchy

Absence of a global authority to enforce rules on states.

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Realism

International relations theory focusing on power and security.

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Realist thought on bipolarity

Two superpowers compete and influence smaller nations.

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Liberal internationalism

Global cooperation leading to peace through interconnectedness.

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Consolidated democracies

Stable democracies with broad public acceptance.

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Coup d'etat

Military takeover of a government.

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Democratic transition

Shift from authoritarian to democratic rule.

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Sovereignty

A state's supreme authority within its borders.

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Nation vs. State

Nation: Group of people; State: Political entity.

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Political conflict

Differences between groups and government.

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Political protest

Opposition outside formal channels.

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Terrorism

Violence to instill fear for political gain.

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Revolution

Overthrowing a government with significant social change.

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Civil disobedience

Lawbreaking with acceptance of punishment.

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Federal system

Power divided between central and regional governments

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Unitary system

Power concentrated in a central government

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Cabinet

Group of ministers advising and executing policy

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Parliamentary system

Executive branch accountable and part of legislature

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Presidential system

President and legislature separate and independently elected

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Study Notes

Balance of Power

  • A situation where no single power dominates the international system.

Bipolarity

  • Two superpowers compete, with other states falling under their influence.

Global Governance

  • A process involving multiple actors managing relations among countries towards order and predictability.

Hegemon

  • A superpower using leadership and persuasion to gain widespread support for its actions.

International Anarchy

  • The absence of a central authority to enforce rules on states.

Realism

  • An approach to international relations emphasizing state security as a primary concern in an anarchic system.
  • Assumes states prioritize safety and security over cooperation.
  • Believes all states aim to be hegemonic.

Realist Thought on Bipolarity

  • Two superpowers competing creates a system where most states fall under their influence, leading to an equilibrium of power.

Limits of Governance (Realist Perspective)

  • Global governance is limited by powerful nation-states unwilling to relinquish sovereignty.
  • Security concerns prioritize over reliance on international organizations.

Liberal Internationalism

  • An approach emphasizing interconnectedness, cooperation, and global governance.

Consolidated Democracies

  • Stable democracies with wide acceptance.

Coup d'état

  • A military takeover of the government.

Democratic Transition

  • The process of moving from authoritarian to democratic rule.

Dependency Theory

  • Underdevelopment is explained by unequal power between dominant and dependent nations.

Development

  • A state characterized by satisfied basic needs and a diversified economy.

Free-Market Economic Model

  • Emphasizes private enterprise with limited government intervention. Examples: Washington Consensus.

Washington Consensus

  • IMF/World Bank policies emphasizing budget cuts, privatization, and open markets to reduce debt.

International Financial Institution (IFI)

  • Organizations with significant influence on global economic systems (e.g., IMF, World Bank).

Modernization Theory

  • Underdevelopment stems from the traditional values and practices of developing countries, needing to adopt advanced Western models.

Official Development Assistance (ODA)

  • Aid from richer countries to poorer ones.

Protectionist Economic Policy

  • Uses high tariffs to protect domestic businesses (e.g., import substitution industrialization).

Statist Economic Model

  • Emphasizes government direction in economic decisions, including import substitution industrialization and the Asian Model.

Export-Led Industrialization

  • A capitalist model where governments and corporations cooperate to develop export industries. Usually includes currency manipulation, suppressed wages, and lack of labor laws enforcement to achieve low prices.

Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

  • A development model using high tariffs to protect local manufacturing industries.

Structural Adjustment Program (SAP)

  • International financial institution loans conditional on accepting Washington Consensus programs.

Capitalist Economic System

  • Businesses are privately owned and driven by profit in competitive markets.

Keynesian Economic Policies

  • Total demand drives economic growth and employment. Intervention through stimulus spending or reduced taxation during economic downturns is a key part of this approach.

New Public Management

  • Implementing private sector efficiency practices in government.

Pluralistic Perspective

  • Public policy results from various groups' competing interests.

Public Choice Theory

  • Political actors rationally pursue their personal interests.

Public Policy

  • Actions or inactions by governments to address problems.

State-Centred Theory

  • Public policies reflect the preferences of those with influence in state institutions.

Deputy Minister

  • Department head under oversight of the Cabinet minister.

Trickle-Down Economics

  • Lowering taxes on the wealthy to boost investment and create jobs and economic growth.

Neo-Marxist Theory

  • Political conflicts are reflections of social disparities, with policies reflecting power imbalances.

Sovereignty

  • States as the supreme authority within their borders.

Nation vs. State

  • Nation: shared identity, desire for self-governance.
  • State: independent political community with rule-making authority.

Official Multiculturalism

  • Recognition of diversity and supporting cultural retention.

Ethnic Nationalism

  • Nationalism based on shared ancestry, culture, and language.

Civic Nationalism

  • Nationalism based on shared political values and history.

De Jure vs. De Facto Sovereignty

  • De Jure: Legal right to control.
  • De Facto: Actual power to control.

Constitutional Monarchy

  • Monarch as head of state with limited power by the constitution.

Constitution

  • Formal document outlining the fundamental principles of governing a country.

Political Conflict

  • Opposition between groups or the state over policies or actions.

Political Protest

  • Oppositional action outside official channels seeking policy change.

Alt-right

  • Anti-democratic, racist group.

Terrorism

  • Deliberate violence to instill fear for political gain.

Insurgency

  • Rebellion using guerrilla warfare.

Counter-Insurgency

  • Military and political actions to defeat insurgency.

Revolution

  • Use of violence to overthrow a government and reshape society, economy, and politics.

Social Revolution

  • Revolution fundamentally altering societal structure.

Marginalization

  • Exclusion from mainstream society.

Civil Disobedience

  • Deliberate lawbreaking with acceptance of punishment.

Guerrilla Warfare

  • Irregular warfare used by lightly armed troops.

Regime Violence

  • State-sponsored violence against citizens.

Segregation

  • Legal separation of groups, particularly in the US.

Political Violence

  • Physical force for political goals.

Asymmetrical Federalism

  • Unequal power distribution among regional governments within a federation.

Classical/Dual Federalism

  • Federal and regional governments operate independently.

Confederal System

  • Sovereign states delegate authority to a shared government with limited power.

Co-operative Federalism

  • Shared involvement of federal and regional governments in services.

Devolution

  • Transfer of legislative and administrative powers to regional bodies.

Equalization Payments

  • Federal payments to balance regional government service provision.

Federal System

  • Sovereignty divided between central and regional governments.

Unitary System

  • Sovereignty vested in the central government.

Two-Party System

  • Two major parties contend for government control.

Cabinet

  • Led by the Prime Minister, with ministers heading departments.

Cabinet Secrecy

  • Ensuring open and honest discussion within the Cabinet.

Cabinet Solidarity

  • Members supporting and defending Cabinet decisions.

Canadian House of Commons

  • The elected lower house of Parliament.

Coalition Government

  • Two or more parties jointly governing.

Head of Government

  • Leader of the executive branch.

Head of State

  • Ceremonial head of state.

Lieutenant Governor

  • Provincial representative of the monarch.

Majority Government

  • Government with more than half the parliamentary seats.

Minority Government

  • Government with less than half the parliamentary seats, requiring coalition support.

Non-Confidence Motion

  • Vote expressing lack of confidence in the government.

Official Opposition

  • The party with the second most seats, providing formal opposition.

Parliamentary System

  • Executive and legislature closely interconnected and executive accountable to legislature.

Party Discipline

  • Members expected to vote with party positions.

Prime Minister's Office

  • Provides support and political advice to the Prime Minister.

Private Members' Senate

  • Non-cabinet members of the House of Commons.

Senate

  • Upper chamber of the Canadian Parliament.

Executive Branch (Parliamentary)

  • Responsible for proposing laws, handling government spending, and administrating laws. Accountable to parliament.

Checks and Balances in Presidential System

  • Branches of government checking each other's actions.

Congress

  • US legislative branch (House and Senate).

House of Representatives

  • Lower house of the US Congress.

Impeachment

  • Process to remove a public official from office for misconduct.

Presidential System

  • President and Congress derive power separately through popular vote.

Presidential Veto

  • President's ability to block legislation.

Semi-presidential System

  • Eelected president shares power with a prime minister and a legislature.

Presidential Senate

  • Upper house of the US Congress.

Separation of Power in Presidential System

  • Separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

Presidential vs Parliamentary: Leadership and Decisive Action (Presidential System)

  • Strong, stable leadership; actions can be difficult due to checks.

Presidential vs Parliamentary: Leadership and Decisive Action (Parliamentary System)

  • Easier with majority; coalition governments may be unstable.

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Test your knowledge on key concepts of international relations, including balance of power, bipolarity, and realism. Understand how these theories shape global governance and the dynamics among states in an anarchic system. Perfect for students of political science and international relations.

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