International Relations: Alliances and Security
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of alliances in world politics?

  • Promote global peace
  • Create economic cooperation
  • Ensure peace for all members
  • Prepare for war (correct)

    • Collective Security Organizations only protect their member states.

    False

    What theory describes the concept of states balancing power to prevent dominance?

    Balance of Power Theory

    The ______ of Power refers to both sides being equally strong to avoid war.

    <p>Balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of alliances with their descriptions:

    <p>Bilateral = Agreement between two states Multilateral = Agreement involving several states Symmetrical = Equal contributions from members Asymmetrical = Unequal contributions from members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes 'bandwagoning' in international relations?

    <p>Weaker states joining stronger powers for rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alliances are always reliable in providing military support to member states.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organization was formed in 1945 to promote global peace?

    <p>United Nations (UN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major drawback of protectionism?

    <p>It raises prices for consumers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Free trade is more beneficial for consumers than for exporters.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do governments play in easing the impact on losers of free trade?

    <p>Governments offer retraining programs or unemployment benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Countries with ________ resources are generally more supportive of protectionism.

    <p>scarce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the trade organizations with their characteristics:

    <p>GATT = Lowered trade barriers after WWII WTO = Stronger enforcement and compliance monitoring NAFTA = Trade agreement between North America countries UNCTAD = Focuses on trade and development issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Stolper-Samuelson theorem?

    <p>It explains how trade benefits abundant resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Prisoner's Dilemma suggests that protecting trade can lead to long-term benefits for countries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the concept of comparative advantage.

    <p>Comparative advantage suggests that countries should specialize in producing goods they can produce more efficiently than others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tariffs are designed to ________ imports.

    <p>tax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of trade restriction with its definition:

    <p>Tariff = A tax on imported goods Quota = A limit on the quantity of goods Subsidy = Financial support for local industries Prohibition = A ban on certain goods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the WTO aim to achieve?

    <p>Complete trade liberalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Workers in competitive industries generally support free trade.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one factor that influences a country's trade policy.

    <p>Resource abundance or industry focus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Countries that focus on their ________ are likely to succeed in international trade.

    <p>strengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the IMF?

    <p>Stabilize currencies and provide short-term financial assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The World Bank focuses on short-term financial stability rather than long-term development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of private foreign investment?

    <p>Portfolio investment and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The IMF is often referred to as the "________ for financial crises."

    <p>doctor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their appropriate descriptions:

    <p>Portfolio Investment = No control over management Foreign Direct Investment = Full control over foreign assets Austerity Measures = Cuts to public services and spending Debt Crisis = Struggle to repay borrowed money</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one criticism of the IMF?

    <p>It imposes austerity measures that can harm citizens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common criticism of Multinational Corporations (MNCs)?

    <p>They often ignore local cultural norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sovereign lending includes loans to private corporations in a foreign country.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sovereign lending involves loans from private financial institutions to individual corporations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major consequence resulted from the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997?

    <p>Countries turned to the IMF for economic assistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one main challenge that countries face when borrowing?

    <p>Debt crises can occur if borrowing does not lead to economic growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ helps facilitate agreements between borrowers and lenders during economic crises.

    <p>IMF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary role of the World Bank is to fund __________ projects to reduce poverty.

    <p>long-term development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors affecting development with their descriptions:

    <p>Geographic Location = Influences trade and agricultural potential Corruption = Leads to prioritization of special interests Domestic Institutions = Determine a country's economic policy International Factors = May favor wealthy nations over poorer ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the 2008 financial crisis in the U.S.?

    <p>Global ripple effects leading to crises in other countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) offers investors control over foreign businesses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered a domestic factor affecting economic development?

    <p>Corruption in government</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tropical countries generally benefit from easier agricultural development compared to temperate climates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do debt crises generally arise?

    <p>Debt crises arise if borrowing does not lead to economic growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the World Bank?

    <p>To fund long-term development projects to reduce poverty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MNCs are often criticized for __________ and tax avoidance.

    <p>outsourcing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Countries that are __________ may face difficulties in trade due to lack of access to ports.

    <p>landlocked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each organization with its primary function:

    <p>IMF = Crisis fixer World Bank = Development supporter African Development Bank = Supports regional development Multinational Corporations = Invest in foreign markets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)?

    <p>Investments made to control facilities in foreign countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The uneven distribution of wealth has no impact on the institutions and policies of a country.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of poor governance in developing countries?

    <p>Corruption and lack of infrastructure development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ sometimes imposes policies that are geared towards benefiting wealthy nations.

    <p>WTO</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major factor that can lead to biased policies in the UN Security Council?

    <p>The veto power held by P5 members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peacekeeping operations in the UN do not require the agreement of the host state.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one historical example of a failure of a Collective Security Organization.

    <p>Rwanda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Countries often restrict trade through __________, which are taxes on imports.

    <p>tariffs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Absolute Advantage = When a country is better than another at producing a product Comparative Advantage = Focusing on producing what is best for the country using its resources Peace-Enforcing = Directly fighting aggressors Peacekeeping = Preventing violence within states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of UN military operation?

    <p>Trade Intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Countries with abundant labor tend to export labor-intensive goods.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which political institution is most likely to promote liberalized trade?

    <p>A broad-based democracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two key factors that contribute to the success of Collective Security Organizations?

    <p>Agreement among powerful states and contribution of resources by members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The UN was created to save humanity from __________.

    <p>hell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key difference between GATT and WTO?

    <p>WTO can enforce trade rules and impose sanctions; GATT could not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The WTO aims for complete liberalization of trade.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of trade advantages:

    <p>Absolute Advantage = Production capabilities of different countries Comparative Advantage = Focus on relative opportunity cost Tariffs = Taxes on imports Quotas = Limits on the number of goods imported</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of CSOs?

    <p>Protect everyone, not just members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Democracies tend to be less protectionist than dictatorships.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a country’s abundant factor influence its trade preferences according to the Stolper-Samuelson approach?

    <p>The abundant factor seeks to gain from trade, leading to preferences for trade policies that protect it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A state should focus on producing the goods it has the absolute advantage in.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mutual benefit when two countries cooperate in trade instead of implementing protectionist policies?

    <p>Increased economic efficiency and mutual gains from trade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two categories of agreements in international trade?

    <p>Defensive and Offensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of international investment with its description:

    <p>Portfolio Investment = Investing without control over the business Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) = Building or buying a facility in another country MNCs = Investing in multiple countries for operational control Sovereign risk = Risk of a borrower defaulting on a loan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The UN Security Council consists of __________ permanent members who have veto power.

    <p>five</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ involves countries borrowing or investing money to grow economically.

    <p>international financial relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a challenge faced by Collective Security Organizations?

    <p>Lack of will or agreement among members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MNCs often invest abroad to access ______ resources and cheaper ______.

    <p>natural; labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some controversies surrounding multinational corporations (MNCs)?

    <p>Complaints include MNCs paying too little in taxes, dominating local markets, and outsourcing jobs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do developing countries borrow money?

    <p>To build infrastructure or fund economic growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Borrowing is always beneficial for a country's economy.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Summarize the main reasons why international institutions like the WTO are important for global trade.

    <p>They help manage trade disputes, enforce trade agreements, and promote trade liberalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A company building a factory in another country is an example of ______.

    <p>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the commitment problem in debtor-creditor relationships.

    <p>Borrowers must prove their ability to repay debt, and if they default, lenders may retaliate by cutting future loans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of the 'resource curse'?

    <p>Nigeria's reliance on oil exports leading to corruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Countries with an abundance of natural resources are always economically successful.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ISI stand for?

    <p>Import-Substitution Industrialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'Washington Consensus' focuses on ____ liberalization and privatization.

    <p>trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main focus of Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI)?

    <p>Producing goods primarily for export markets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Corruption in domestic policy can hinder development.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one successful example of EOI.

    <p>South Korea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Institutions that promote _____ lead to development.

    <p>equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of bad domestic policies?

    <p>Corruption and short-term political gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The IMF and World Bank always favor the interests of developing nations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mnemonic 'T-W-I' represent?

    <p>Trade, WTO, IMF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following development strategies with their key characteristics:

    <p>Import-Substitution Industrialization = Focus on domestic manufacturing with high trade barriers Export-Oriented Industrialization = Emphasis on producing goods for global markets Washington Consensus = Advocates for trade liberalization and privatization Resource Curse = Natural resource wealth leads to poor economic outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    High levels of disease can be a challenge to _____ development in tropical countries.

    <p>economic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one main problem associated with Import-Substitution Industrialization?

    <p>Inefficiency due to small markets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key result of equal wealth distribution in North America?

    <p>Rapid development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The WTO is known for favoring LDCs in its trade policies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one major criticism of international institutions like the IMF and WTO.

    <p>They favor rich countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As incomes rise, Engel's Law states people spend a smaller percentage on ______.

    <p>food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following economic strategies with their characteristics:

    <p>Import-Substitution Industrialization (ISI) = Domestic focus, protected industries Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI) = Global focus, export incentives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was not a reason ISI lost support in the 1970s?

    <p>Subsidies for farmers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Washington Consensus solely promotes state-owned enterprises.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does corruption within a country have on economic development?

    <p>It blocks development by prioritizing elite interests over public goods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ICCPR focuses on ______ rights, while the ICESCR emphasizes ______ rights.

    <p>negative; positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of human rights with their descriptions:

    <p>Negative rights = Right to freedom from interference Positive rights = Right to certain basic needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Export-Oriented Industrialization contribute to East Asian economies?

    <p>By encouraging manufacturing for foreign markets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The UDHR was established in 1948 and is considered the most authoritative document on human rights.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two policies associated with the Washington Consensus.

    <p>Trade liberalization and privatization of state-owned enterprises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Countries that are landlocked often struggle with ______ and ______.

    <p>trade; access to resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reason contributed to North America's faster development compared to South America?

    <p>Equal wealth distribution led to democratic institutions in North America</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the efforts to heal and reconcile after human rights abuses?

    <p>Transitional justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'resource curse' suggests that having abundant natural resources guarantees a country's economic growth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential negative outcome of colonial legacies on developing countries?

    <p>Underdeveloped infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ICC prosecutes states for war crimes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the International Criminal Court (ICC)?

    <p>To try individuals for war crimes and crimes against humanity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Washington Consensus is associated with policies like ______ and ______.

    <p>privatization, trade liberalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following illustrates a conflict between human rights and national security?

    <p>The use of torture on terrorist suspects post-9/11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) serves as a global standard for __________.

    <p>human rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major factor that influences a state’s willingness to protect human rights?

    <p>The stability of its political institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains why tropical countries often face economic challenges?

    <p>High levels of disease and poor soil quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>ICCPR = Civil and political rights ICESCR = Economic, social, and cultural rights Transitional Justice = Healing processes post-abuse Universal Jurisdiction = Victim appeals to international bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Equal wealth distribution in North America played no role in developing democratic institutions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason why states may violate human rights?

    <p>Public protest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge to enforcing international human rights law?

    <p>Sovereignty of states and lack of enforcement mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Population growth contributes to the worsening of global environmental problems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two criticisms of international institutions like the IMF.

    <p>Imposed austerity measures, favoring wealthy nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transitional justice is about punishment for past abuses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of _____ refers to the problem where shared resources are overused and depleted by individuals.

    <p>Tragedy of the Commons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge does the ICC face in its operations?

    <p>Prolonging conflict due to leaders avoiding prosecution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of Export-Oriented Industrialization is ______.

    <p>South Korea's rapid industrial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one principle that helps ensure environmental protection.

    <p>Polluter Pays Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ conducts a Universal Periodic Review to assess the human rights practices of member states.

    <p>Human Rights Council</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did colonial legacies affect the economic paths of developing countries?

    <p>They often left a legacy of extractive economies and instability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Engel's Law suggests that as income increases, the proportion of income spent on food decreases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agreement aimed to limit global warming to 2°C?

    <p>Paris Agreement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of a right protected by the ICESCR?

    <p>Right to education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way political corruption can block economic development?

    <p>By diverting funds away from public services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Universal jurisdiction allows victims to appeal to their own national courts only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the environmental problems with their respective types.

    <p>Global warming = Air Deforestation = Land Water depletion = Water Ozone depletion = Air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Public goods are limited resources that everyone can benefit from.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Provide one example of a controversial human rights issue.

    <p>Abortion rights or freedom of speech restrictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Countries rich in natural resources but still underdeveloped are often said to suffer from the ______.

    <p>resource curse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    China's Great Leap Forward is an example of a government policy that led to __________.

    <p>mass starvation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the movement where developed countries argue that developing nations should reduce pollution?

    <p>Common Pool Resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically characterizes Import-Substitution Industrialization (ISI)?

    <p>Focus on reducing imports by developing domestic industries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Universal Periodic Review conducted by the Human Rights Council?

    <p>To evaluate human rights practices of member states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ Protocol was the first international agreement to reduce greenhouse gases.

    <p>Kyoto</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can help improve international cooperation on environmental issues?

    <p>Private benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the reasons for difficulty in global environmental cooperation?

    <p>Tragedy of the Commons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Developing countries are the largest historical polluters.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What right is guaranteed under freedom of thought and religion?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive rights refer to rights that require action from the government to be fulfilled.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    States may violate human rights to preserve their own ______.

    <p>rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treaties are part of the International Bill of Rights?

    <p>The ICCPR and the ICESCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-derogable rights can be suspended during times of war or emergencies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of 'non-intervention' protect?

    <p>The sovereignty of states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Human Rights Council’s Universal Periodic Review is designed to review each state's ______.

    <p>human rights practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Transitional justice = Noncriminal and nonjudicial mechanisms for reconciliation Universal Jurisdiction = States prosecuting individuals for crimes globally Negative rights = Rights that require restraint from the government Civil rights = Rights that protect individuals from state infringements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action has been a success of the ICC?

    <p>Increasing prosecutions of rebel group abuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ICC has successfully eliminated the need for universal jurisdiction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might some states violate human rights?

    <p>To defend national security or to preserve their rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Human rights violations often arise from a lack of ______ to enforce laws.

    <p>capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a controversial human rights issue?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Environmental Problems and Cooperation

    • Environmental issues are global (Air, Land, Water pollution).
    • Population growth and increased consumption are worsening the issues.
    • Most environmental concerns need international cooperation.

    Tragedy of the Commons and Cooperation

    • Tragedy of the Commons: Shared resources (like air, water, forests) are overused and depleted because no one feels responsible for protecting them.
    • Collective Action Problem: Hard to get everyone to cooperate and protect public goods.
    • Difficult to reach agreements as some nations may benefit more than others.

    Factors Facilitating Cooperation

    • Smaller groups: Easier to reach consensus.
    • Frequent interactions: Fosters trust and long-term cooperation.
    • Private incentives: Personal rewards for environmental protection boost cooperation (e.g., green tech).
    • Privileged groups: Key players, like wealthy nations, can lead the way and inspire others.

    Conflicts in Environmental Protection

    • Developed countries have historically polluted more, and now developing countries are increasing emissions.
    • Responsibility for environmental protection is contentious.
    • Who pays for fixing historical pollution?
    • Conflicting interests between generations and economic development. -Example: Development projects vs. environmental concerns.

    International Agreements and Institutions

    • Montreal Protocol (1987): Success in protecting the ozone layer.
    • Kyoto Protocol (1997): First attempt to reduce greenhouse gases.
    • Paris Agreement (2016): Aims for global warming limits (2°C, 1.5°C is preferred).
      • Commitments: Mitigation (reduce emissions), adaptation (prepare for climate impacts), and finance (rich countries provide aid to poor nations).
    • Key Principles: Polluter pays, precautionary measures, sustainable growth for future generations.
    • International Institutions provide frameworks for global cooperation.

    Overall Summary

    • Environmental problems are complex and require global cooperation.
    • Collective action challenges exist, but international agreements and institutions can help.
    • Negotiations and compromises for environmental protection are essential.

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    Description

    This quiz delves into the role of alliances in world politics and their impact on security dynamics. Test your understanding of key concepts such as collective security, power balancing, and major international organizations that promote peace. Explore the intricacies of how states interact through various alliances.

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