International Relations: Alliances and Security
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of alliances in world politics?

  • To establish an international government
  • To prepare states for war (correct)
  • To create economic partnerships
  • To regulate global trade

    • Which of the following best describes collective security organizations (CSOs)?

  • They allow for asymmetric military cooperation.
  • They focus on protecting only member states.
  • They are always effective in conflict resolution.
  • They work for peace as a public good for all states. (correct)

    • What does the Balance of Power Theory suggest?

  • Strong states should dominate weaker states.
  • States should ally to prevent any one state from becoming too powerful. (correct)
  • Military power has no impact on international relations.
  • Weaker states should avoid conflict at all costs.

    • What is bandwagoning in the context of international relations?

    <p>Weaker states join stronger powers for potential gains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the key challenges faced by collective security organizations is:

    <p>Collective action problems due to free-riding states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the League of Nations and UN differ in their foundational goals?

    <p>League of Nations was created post-WWI; UN was established post-WWII to promote peace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major reason alliances are considered not always reliable?

    <p>They are costly and typically non-binding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is essential for increasing the credibility of alliances?

    <p>Joint military exercises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of high tariffs on imported steel?

    <p>To protect domestic producers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which political institution is most likely to support trade liberalization?

    <p>A broad-based democracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the WTO from GATT?

    <p>WTO can enforce trade rules and impose sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best explains the mutual benefit of trade cooperation between two countries?

    <p>Consumer access to a wider range of goods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do developing countries often borrow money?

    <p>To build infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes portfolio investment?

    <p>Passive ownership through financial instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk for lenders in international finance?

    <p>Default on loans by borrowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main complaints host countries have about Multinational Corporations (MNCs)?

    <p>MNCs pay too little in taxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do countries need to prove to reduce the commitment problem in borrowing?

    <p>Their ability to repay debts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the IMF (International Monetary Fund)?

    <p>To help manage global financial stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason for investors to lend or invest abroad?

    <p>To avoid international regulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of countries struggling to repay loans?

    <p>Austerity measures are implemented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of FDI, what does 'hands-on' control refer to?

    <p>Direct management of assets in a foreign country</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario illustrates the concept of incomplete information in lending?

    <p>Lenders guessing if borrowers can pay back the loans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason for the implementation of protectionism?

    <p>To protect local industries and jobs from foreign competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are typically considered the losers of free trade?

    <p>Workers in uncompetitive sectors and protected industries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the WTO compared to GATT?

    <p>WTO provides stronger enforcement and monitors compliance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that a labor-rich country is likely to benefit from free trade?

    <p>Heckscher-Ohlin theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Prisoner’s Dilemma regarding trade, what happens if both countries choose protectionism?

    <p>Neither country benefits and all suffer economically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of trade policy would likely benefit local uncompetitive industries?

    <p>Protectionist measures that restrict imports.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can governments compensate the losers of free trade?

    <p>By providing retraining programs and unemployment benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do both free trade and protectionism ultimately affect?

    <p>The distribution of economic resources and industry health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines comparative advantage?

    <p>The ability of a country to produce goods at a lower opportunity cost than others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do countries often resort to protectionism despite its costs to consumers?

    <p>To protect emerging markets and local jobs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of free trade?

    <p>Higher prices for consumers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major drawback of protectionism for consumers?

    <p>Higher prices leading to reduced purchasing power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which economic theory states that abundant resources lead to pro-free trade preferences?

    <p>Heckscher-Ohlin theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the World Trade Organization (WTO)?

    <p>To achieve complete trade liberalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept explains why resource-rich countries may experience slower economic growth than expected?

    <p>Resource curse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does geography influence economic development?

    <p>By influencing trade routes and access to resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects a common criticism of the Washington Consensus?

    <p>It disregards local context and governance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did colonial legacy affect developing countries?

    <p>Creation of extractive economies and instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might Import-Substitution Industrialization (ISI) lose support over time?

    <p>It limits international trade opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is typical of Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI)?

    <p>Global market integration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phrase best describes Engel’s Law?

    <p>As income rises, the proportion of income spent on food decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which policy is commonly associated with the Washington Consensus?

    <p>Privatization of state-owned enterprises</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do tropical countries often struggle with economic development?

    <p>High levels of disease and poor soil quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do domestic institutions play in a country’s development?

    <p>They can enhance or impede growth depending on their structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major challenge for countries rich in natural resources?

    <p>Managing wealth distribution effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main factor contributed to North America’s faster development compared to South America?

    <p>Strength of domestic institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the global economic disparities between rich and poor countries?

    <p>Differences in domestic institutions greatly affect economic outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Collective Security Organizations (CSOs)?

    <p>To provide universal protection and respond to aggressors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes peace-enforcing operations from peacekeeping operations in UN missions?

    <p>Peacekeeping is for conflict prevention, while peace-enforcing involves direct combat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of comparative advantage?

    <p>A nation that is good at both programming and agriculture chooses to focus on agriculture and trade for software.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do permanent members of the UN Security Council (P5) play in shaping international security policy?

    <p>Their veto power allows them to block any proposed resolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one main reason why collective security organizations often fail to act effectively?

    <p>Members may refuse to commit resources or agree on a course of action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following provides a clear example of absolute advantage?

    <p>Country A can produce wine more efficiently than Country B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors influences a country's export capabilities according to the Heckscher-Ohlin theory?

    <p>The abundance of a country's resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason countries impose trade restrictions?

    <p>To enhance domestic industries against foreign competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Dag Hammarskjold's quote about the UN emphasize?

    <p>A flawed system can still provide essential benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary challenge is presented by free-rider problems within collective security?

    <p>Some states benefit from security without contributing to its costs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates an alliance from a collective security organization?

    <p>Alliances are based on mutual defense, while CSOs focus on general security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of balance of power?

    <p>It ensures that no single state can assert total dominance over another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects a flaw in the operation of the UN Security Council?

    <p>Veto power held by P5 members can lead to biased outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does equal wealth distribution in North America influence its political institutions?

    <p>It supports democratic institutions and rapid development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major criticism do critics have of institutions like the IMF and WTO?

    <p>They protect the trade interests of rich countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributed to the decline of Import-Substitution Industrialization (ISI) in the 1970s?

    <p>Trade imbalances and farmer distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Export-Oriented Industrialization (EOI) help South Korea’s economy?

    <p>It provided tax incentives and low-cost loans for export.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two main policies promoted by the Washington Consensus?

    <p>Trade liberalization and privatization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Engel's Law state regarding income and food expenditure?

    <p>As income rises, a smaller percentage is spent on food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can political corruption affect economic development?

    <p>It may prioritize the interests of corrupt elites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes negative rights from positive rights in human rights?

    <p>Negative rights require others to abstain from interfering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might states have differing views on human rights?

    <p>Cultural nuances and political systems shape perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant action of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)?

    <p>It established global human rights standards in 1948.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the resource curse?

    <p>Corruption and weak accountability increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'import-substitution' imply?

    <p>Strategy focusing on reducing imports through local production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents the type of economic systems supported by ISI?

    <p>Domestic-focused industries protected from foreign competition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the UDHR influence later treaties?

    <p>It laid the groundwork for treaties like the ICCPR and ICESCR.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event illustrates a clear tension between human rights and state security?

    <p>The use of torture on terrorist suspects post-9/11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major factor most influences a state's commitment to protecting human rights?

    <p>The stability of its political institutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge in enforcing international human rights law?

    <p>Sovereignty of states and lack of enforcement mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key issue worsens environmental problems globally?

    <p>Population growth coupled with higher consumption per person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe the scenario where shared resources are overused due to lack of individual accountability?

    <p>Tragedy of the Commons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge in achieving international cooperation regarding environmental issues?

    <p>Conflicting national interests and the Free Riding problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT mentioned as a way to facilitate international cooperation?

    <p>Communication transparency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consequence of the 'resource curse' in resource-rich countries?

    <p>Lack of accountability and growth of corruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do special interests contribute to poverty in a nation?

    <p>By opposing policies that help the poor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle asserts that the party responsible for pollution should cover the associated costs?

    <p>Polluter Pays Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What development path is likely to lead to poverty according to the domestic institutions framework?

    <p>Inequality leading to authoritarianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying conflict exists between developed and developing nations regarding environmental issues?

    <p>Historical pollution responsibility and compensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental agreement aimed to limit global warming to no more than 2°C?

    <p>Paris Agreement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary issue that LDCs face in global trade?

    <p>Subsidies in rich countries harming local farmers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy emphasizes domestic manufacturing over imports?

    <p>Import-Substitution Industrialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is generally considered a public good?

    <p>Clean air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge does the term 'Collective Action Problem' specifically refer to?

    <p>The challenges in achieving shared environmental objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of Import-Substitution Industrialization in Latin America during the 1980s?

    <p>High levels of debt and inefficient industries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the Export-Oriented Industrialization approach?

    <p>Encouraging production for foreign markets and competitiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major environmental problem is associated with biodiversity loss?

    <p>Deforestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agreement is known for being the first to set binding targets for greenhouse gas emission reductions?

    <p>Kyoto Protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a criticism of the Washington Consensus?

    <p>It tends to disadvantage poorer countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mnemonic effectively summarizes the biases against LDCs in relation to international economic institutions?

    <p>T-W-I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines the underlying principle of the 'resource curse'?

    <p>Resource wealth inhibits government accountability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do geopolitical factors influence development as per the suggested framework?

    <p>They contribute to determining the economic strategies of nations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option highlights the significance of domestic policies in economic outcomes?

    <p>They directly influence poverty levels through governance and accountability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main factor could potentially support the transition from inequality to development?

    <p>Democratic institutions fostering equality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of trade liberalization as part of the Washington Consensus?

    <p>To open markets by removing trade barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?

    <p>To fix financial crises and set rules for loans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best differentiates Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from portfolio investment?

    <p>Portfolio investment provides ownership without control, while FDI involves ownership and control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What criticism is often directed towards the International Monetary Fund (IMF)?

    <p>It imposes austerity measures that negatively impact citizens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key challenge associated with debt crises in international finance?

    <p>Borrowing without growth leads to repayment struggles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the World Bank?

    <p>Funding long-term development projects to reduce poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do developing countries often seek foreign capital?

    <p>To achieve economic growth by utilizing capital they lack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant impact of the 2008 financial crisis in the U.S.?

    <p>It triggered off a global economic downturn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about borrowing in international finance?

    <p>All borrowing leads to economic growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can cross-border effects be characterized in international finance?

    <p>A crisis in one country can influence global markets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main criticisms related to Multinational Corporations (MNCs)?

    <p>They often pay disproportionately low taxes in host countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do institutions like the IMF and the World Bank play in economic crises?

    <p>They facilitate loans while influencing economic policies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a challenge in debtor-creditor interactions during sovereign lending?

    <p>Trust issues due to commitment problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of investment allows an investor full control over their investment?

    <p>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of implementing austerity measures as a result of loans from the IMF?

    <p>Public discontent and cuts to social services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reason why some states violate human rights?

    <p>National security concerns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does transitional justice serve in post-abuse scenarios?

    <p>To heal the wounds of conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which institution was established to try individuals for war crimes and crimes against humanity?

    <p>International Criminal Court (ICC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'universal jurisdiction'?

    <p>A principle allowing cases to be heard internationally regardless of where the abuse occurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) assess?

    <p>Human rights practices of UN member states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key challenge faced by the ICC in addressing human rights abuses?

    <p>Prolonged conflicts due to leaders evading justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a 'negative right' protected under the ICCPR?

    <p>Right to live free from torture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might international involvement in human rights violations impact conflicts?

    <p>Prolong conflicts by leading to retaliatory actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights considered significant?

    <p>It establishes a global standard for human rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Human Rights Council mainly focus on?

    <p>Conducting reviews of member states' human rights practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to processes aimed at healing after human rights abuses?

    <p>Transitional justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often a consequence of states violating human rights for national security?

    <p>Justification of oppressive measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the impact of the ICC on state behavior?

    <p>It sometimes reduces violence but can also prolong conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main reasons human rights are considered controversial?

    <p>Cultural differences and interpretations can lead to conflicting views</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern for creditors when a borrower defaults on a loan?

    <p>Creating distrust that affects future lending.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the IMF play in economic crises?

    <p>Facilitates agreements while providing emergency financial assistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a criticism commonly associated with IMF policies?

    <p>Imposing unpopular austerity measures on nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the World Bank?

    <p>To fund long-term projects aimed at poverty reduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What often hinders development in landlocked countries?

    <p>Expensive trade due to lack of ports.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can significantly affect a country's economic future?

    <p>The distribution of wealth within the country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does unequal wealth distribution affect development?

    <p>Leads to policies benefitting the rich.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which international factor may prioritize the interests of developed nations over poorer ones?

    <p>Biased rules established by organizations like the WTO.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often a major consequence of the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997?

    <p>An increased reliance on the IMF for economic assistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the commitment problem in international finance?

    <p>Debtors may exaggerate their inability to pay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens to countries with corrupt governments?

    <p>They often prioritize special interests over societal needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario is likely to create a challenge for developing countries?

    <p>Excessive reliance on foreign direct investment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do multinational corporations (MNCs) often play in developing countries?

    <p>They aim to transfer technology to developing nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant disadvantage of tropical countries in terms of development?

    <p>They often face high maintenance costs and disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following rights is protected by the principle of freedom of thought and religion?

    <p>The right to choose one's religious beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes positive rights from negative rights in the context of the ICESCR?

    <p>Positive rights require active provision by the state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treaties is included in the International Bill of Rights?

    <p>The ICCPR and the ICESCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a state choose to limit human rights in the name of national security?

    <p>To protect its sovereignty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle does 'non-intervention' primarily safeguard?

    <p>State sovereignty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately defines non-derogable rights?

    <p>Rights that cannot be suspended under any conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge does the ICC face in prosecuting war crimes effectively?

    <p>Potential conflicts with national laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of transitional justice mechanisms?

    <p>They can include both judicial and non-judicial measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a clear criticism of the ICC’s operations?

    <p>It is perceived as bias towards specific countries or conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can Transnational Advocacy Networks (TANs) influence human rights practices?

    <p>Through economic sanctions and lobbying efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Universal Jurisdiction' enable states to do?

    <p>Prosecute crimes that violate international law, no matter where they occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome reflects a successful aspect of the ICC's operations?

    <p>Prosecuting high-profile rebel leaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of human rights issues typically generates controversy in international discussions?

    <p>Disparities between economic and civil rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Human Rights Council's Universal Periodic Review play?

    <p>Regularly assess the human rights records of all states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Environmental Challenges and Cooperation

    • Global Environmental Problems:
      • Air pollution (global warming, ozone depletion).
      • Land degradation (deforestation, desertification, biodiversity loss).
      • Water pollution (water depletion, threats to biodiversity).
    • Factors Worsening Problems:
      • Growing population and consumption per person increase resource use and pollution.
    • Essential Points: Many environmental issues are global, requiring international cooperation.

    The Difficulty of Global Environmental Cooperation

    • Tragedy of the Commons: Shared resources (water, air, forests) are overused by everyone.
    • Free Riding: Individuals benefit from a stable environment but don't contribute to its protection.
    • Collective Action Problem: Difficulty uniting people to address shared problems.

    Public Goods and Common Pool Resources

    • Definitions:
      • Public Goods: Available to everyone, non-excludable (e.g., clean air).
      • Common Pool Resources: Shared but limited resources (e.g., fish in the ocean).
    • Key Problems: Free riding, collective action problems.

    Facilitators of International Cooperation

    • Smaller groups: Easier to reach agreement.
    • Repeated interaction: Builds trust and cooperation over time.
    • Private benefits: Individual rewards for environmental protection increase participation.
    • Motivated groups: Strong advocacy from wealthier nations.

    Conflicts in Environmental Protection

    • Developed vs. Developing Countries: Developed countries are historically primarily responsible, while developing countries grow rapidly.
    • Responsibility and Cost Allocation: Who pays for fixing the damage?
    • Dirty Industries vs. Consumers: Prioritizing cheap development over sustainable methods.
    • Current vs. Future Generations: Conflicts over how to balance current needs with future environmental protection.

    International Institutions and Environmental Agreements

    • Principles:
      • Polluter Pays Principle: Those causing pollution pay the costs.
      • Precautionary Principle: Take actions to prevent harm, even with uncertainty.
      • Sustainable Development: Balance economic growth with environmental protection.
    • Major Agreements:
      • Montreal Protocol (ozone layer).
      • Kyoto Protocol (reducing greenhouse gases).
      • Paris Agreement (limit global warming).

    Summary of Global Environment Issues

    • Environmental challenges are global, complicated by the "Tragedy of the Commons" and difficulties in collective action.
    • Success depends on cooperation through international institutions and agreements.
    • Factors like group size, interaction frequency, and incentivized participation can help achieve better outcomes.
    • Environmental protection requires a balance between current needs and future generations' interests, with developed nations' historical responsibility playing a significant role.

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    Description

    This quiz explores fundamental concepts in international relations, focusing on the role of alliances, the Balance of Power Theory, and collective security organizations. Test your understanding of how these elements influence global politics and the challenges they face. Discover the complexities of international alliances and their impact on security.

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