International Political Issues and Security
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following countries did not sign the Final Act?

  • Andorra (correct)
  • Canada
  • United States
  • Italy

The Helsinki Accords had binding treaty status that required ratification by parliaments.

False (B)

What are the three main baskets of the Helsinki Final Act?

European security, economic and environmental security, humanitarian and cultural cooperation

The total staff of the OSCE in 2023 is _____ people.

<p>2267</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the principles from the Helsinki Final Act with their descriptions:

<p>Sovereign equality = Respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty Inviolability of frontiers = No changes to national borders without consent Respect for human rights = Protection of fundamental freedoms and beliefs Cooperation among States = Encouragement of collaboration on global issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Article 5 of NATO's treaty?

<p>Collective defense (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Iceland is allowed to have an army under NATO regulations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the process of joining NATO?

<p>Accession talks with NATO in Brussels</p> Signup and view all the answers

For membership, countries must agree to a membership action plan which may require political, legal, military, and __________ reforms.

<p>security</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which year was the NATO treaty signed?

<p>1949 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the NATO process steps with their descriptions:

<p>Step 1 = Accession talks to determine requirements Step 2 = Letter of intent to confirm commitments Step 3 = Accession protocols signed by NATO members Step 4 = Protocols ratified by national governments</p> Signup and view all the answers

NATO's military budget for 2023 was set at 1.96 billion euros.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Once a potential member deposits their instruments of accession with the __________, they become a NATO member.

<p>US Department of State</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries joined NATO first in 1949?

<p>Belgium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

NATO's primary objective is to develop relations with its partners based on common values and mutual respect.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept describes a region where security concerns of different states are closely interconnected?

<p>Security complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 2023, _____ became a member of NATO.

<p>Finland</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following NATO enlargement years with the countries that joined.

<p>1999 = Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary 2004 = Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia 2009 = Albania, Croatia 2020 = North Macedonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about a security community is true?

<p>It focuses on geographical proximity and cooperative relations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All NATO member countries have the same level of military capabilities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one key partner country of NATO involved in anti-piracy operations.

<p>Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries declared itself as a non-nuclear state?

<p>New Zealand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Visegrád Group was established to promote a return to communism.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year did the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary announce their intention to join NATO?

<p>1992</p> Signup and view all the answers

The four members of the Visegrád Group joined the European Union on __________.

<p>1 May 2004</p> Signup and view all the answers

What area does NATO engage in besides military operations?

<p>Counter-terrorism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following countries with their significance in NATO's context:

<p>New Zealand = Non-nuclear state Colombia = Strategic importance for narcotrafficking Czech Republic = Member of the Visegrád Group Poland = Joined NATO in 1999</p> Signup and view all the answers

The North Atlantic Treaty insists on settling disputes by force.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one emerging security challenge that NATO addresses.

<p>Cyber defence</p> Signup and view all the answers

At the Warsaw NATO Summit in 2016, how many NATO- and EU member states' leaders participated?

<p>22 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The EU is primarily a military alliance focused on defense.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific article of the Treaty on European Union provides the EU with legal personality?

<p>Article 47</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a Member State is a victim of armed aggression, other Member States are obligated to provide _____ and _____ by all means in their power.

<p>aid, assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following countries with their NATO and EU membership status:

<p>Austria = Non-NATO EU Member Turkey = Non-EU NATO Member Finland = Non-NATO EU Member United States = Non-EU NATO Member</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Berlin Plus Agreement allow the EU to do?

<p>Use NATO assets for EU-led operations when NATO opts not to act (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All EU member states are also members of NATO.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which NATO member states are key players that are outside the EU framework?

<p>United States, Canada, Turkey</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of peace operation focuses on establishing long-term sustainable peace after a conflict?

<p>Peacebuilding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The principle of impartiality in peacekeeping means that peacekeepers take sides based on their preferences.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the legal basis for the KFOR mission in Kosovo?

<p>UN Security Council Resolution 1244</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main purpose of _____ operations is to prevent conflict before it begins.

<p>conflict prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of peace operations to their definitions:

<p>Peacemaking = Diplomatic efforts to bring conflicting parties to an agreement Peacekeeping = Deployment of international forces to maintain peace and security Peace enforcement = Use of military force to compel compliance with peace agreements Humanitarian assistance = Provides relief to those in crisis situations without political objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is NOT part of tailored force packages?

<p>Cultural assets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

NATO's mission in Kosovo is only focused on military support and does not involve civil administration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary intention behind the 'soft power' approach in the EU's crisis management?

<p>To use civilian instruments for preventive diplomacy and conflict prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Security Complex

A region where the security concerns of multiple states are interconnected and cannot be understood in isolation.

Security Community

A security complex with geographically close states that cooperate and don't expect to use force.

NATO

A military alliance of 32 countries.

NATO Founding Members

12 countries in the original alliance in 1949.

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NATO Enlargement

Expansion of NATO membership in the post-Cold War era.

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NATO Partnerships

NATO's efforts to build relations with countries not officially in the alliance.

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Key NATO Objective

Enhance international security, foster stability, and uphold the rules-based international order.

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Post-Cold War NATO Enlargements

NATO additions after the end of the Cold War focusing on Europe.

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Helsinki Accords

A set of agreements signed in 1975 by 35 European countries, the United States, and Canada, aiming to improve relations between the East and West.

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Helsinki Accords' Nature

The Helsinki Accords were not legally binding treaties, meaning they weren't ratified by national parliaments.

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Helsinki Accords' Impact

While not legally binding, the Helsinki Accords helped to promote dialogue and cooperation between the Eastern and Western blocs during the Cold War.

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Helsinki Accords' 'Baskets'

The Helsinki Accords were organized into three 'baskets' covering European security, economic cooperation, and humanitarian issues. A fourth basket was added to monitor implementation.

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Helsinki Accords' 'Declaration on Principle'

The Helsinki Accords included a 'Declaration on Principle' outlining guiding principles for relations between participating countries, including sovereign equality, peaceful settlement of disputes, and respect for human rights.

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Non-nuclear states

Countries that have chosen not to develop or possess nuclear weapons, like New Zealand.

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Visegrád Group

An alliance of Central European countries (Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary) formed to promote transatlantic ties.

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NATO Membership (Visegrád)

The Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary joined NATO in 1999, but this required significant adjustments in technology and resources.

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Peaceful Dispute Resolution

Countries commit to settling disagreements through peaceful means, avoiding the use of force.

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International Security

Security of one nation is interlinked with global security, affecting other countries.

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Counter-proliferation

Stopping the spread of weapons of mass destruction.

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Emerging security challenges

New threats such as cybercrime, energy issues, and piracy pose a growing challenge to security.

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EU's Role in Defense

The EU, while not a military alliance, is legally able to assist member states facing armed aggression. This assistance is not directly military, but provides flexibility for action.

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EU-NATO Relationship

The EU and NATO have overlapping memberships, creating both opportunities for collaboration (like the Berlin Plus Agreement) and challenges when priorities differ.

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Berlin Plus Agreement

This agreement allows the EU to utilize NATO resources for its operations when NATO is not involved, aiming for efficient use of resources.

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Article 42.7 TEU

This treaty article legally obliges EU member states to aid and assist each other in case of armed aggression within their territory.

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NATO's Importance

Despite the EU's involvement, NATO remains the cornerstone of collective defense for its members, providing a forum for joint action in defense and security.

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EU Legal Personality

The EU, due to its legal personality, can independently interact with international organizations, including NATO, engaging in agreements and consultations.

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Non-EU NATO Members

Countries like the US, Canada, and Turkey are part of NATO but not the EU. This influences the dynamics of the EU-NATO relationship.

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EU's Role in Defense (continued)

The EU's involvement in defense complements NATO, acting as a more flexible option for cooperation but not replacing NATO's primary role.

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NATO Treaty

A pact signed in 1949 to create a collective defense alliance among 12 founding members. It's the foundation of NATO.

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NATO Membership

Joining NATO requires an invitation and fulfillment of membership requirements, including security and political reforms. This process involves several steps like signing accession protocols and ratification by each member state.

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NATO Cost-Sharing

Member countries contribute to NATO's military budget based on their gross national product.

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Article 5 of the NATO Treaty

This key article outlines the collective defense principle, stating that an attack against one member is an attack against all.

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What are the steps to joining NATO?

First, a country must agree to a membership action plan tailored to their needs, then they engage in talks with NATO, submit a letter of intent, sign accession protocols ratified by members, and finally, they are formally invited to join and deposit their instruments of accession.

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Special Status in NATO

Some member states, like Norway and Iceland, have unique provisions within the treaty. For example, Norway prohibits nuclear weapons storage on its territory, while Iceland doesn't have a standing army.

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NATO Decision-Making

Decisions like adding members or a country's exit from the alliance require the agreement of all members, including the United States.

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Tailored Force Packages

Military units designed for specific missions, including air, land, sea, space, and cyber capabilities.

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Operational Readiness Levels

Different states of preparedness for military forces, indicating their ability to deploy and execute missions.

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Peacekeeping Consent

Agreement from all parties involved in a conflict for peacekeepers to be present and operate in a region.

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Peacekeeper Impartiality

Peacekeepers treat all parties in a conflict equally and fairly, regardless of their affiliation.

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Peacekeeper Non-Use of Force

Peacekeepers are not allowed to initiate force, except in self-defense or defense of their mandate.

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KFOR: NATO's Kosovo Force

NATO's military force deployed in Kosovo to maintain security and stability after its independence.

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EU Crisis Management: 'Soft Power'

The EU uses diplomatic, economic, and social tools to prevent and resolve conflicts.

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Civilian Headline Goals

The European Union prioritizes policing, rule of law, civil administration, and civil protection in crisis management

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Study Notes

International Political Issues and Security

  • Systemic Security: A security complex describes a region where states' security concerns are interconnected, making them inseparable. This concept is used to analyze regional security dynamics. Barry Buzan is a key scholar in this area.
  • Security Community: A security complex with geographical proximity, primarily focusing on relations and cooperation between states. NATO members are an example of a security community.

The Foundation and Enlargements of the Organisation

  • April 4, 1949: NATO was founded with 12 member states: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Holland, Iceland, Luxembourg, Norway, Italy, Portugal, The United Kingdom, and the United States of America.
  • 1952: Greece, Turkey became members.
  • 1955: The Federal Republic of Germany joined. A precondition for membership was a divided status, separate from the DDR.
  • 1982: Spain became a member.
  • 1991: The dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and the Soviet Union led to further enlargements.

NATO Membership

  • 1999: Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary joined
  • 2004: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined
  • 2009: Albania and Croatia
  • 2017: Montenegro
  • 2020: North Macedonia
  • 2023: Finland
  • 2024: Sweden (as an outcome of the Ukraine conflict)

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International Political Issues and Security PDF

Description

This quiz explores key concepts of systemic security and security communities, focusing on NATO's foundation and its enlargement history. It covers critical events from 1949 to 1991 and the implications of regional security dynamics. Test your understanding of these essential international relations themes.

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