International Order and the West

The end of the 15th century, gained momentum in the 17th and 18th centuries.

The period from the late 15th century to the 17th century marked by Western European powers colonizing various countries across the globe, driven by economic motives. It was characterized by Eurocentrism, a viewpoint that positioned Western societies as superior.

Scientific racism was a belief that Europeans were biologically superior to other cultures and races. These ideals oppressed non-Europeans.

<p>The rise of Western European nations to political, economic, and military dominance over much of the world. This dominance was achieved through technological advancements, capitalism, the Industrial Revolution, and imperial and colonial rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imperialism is the expansion of a nation's power and influence over other regions through conquest, domination, and foreign rule. It involves extracting resources and exploiting labor in colonies, often accompanied by a narrative of justified conquest based on claims of 'uncivilized' lands and inefficient resource management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Thirty Years' War involved religious (Catholic and Protestant) and political (rivalries between European states) conflicts. The war introduced the principle of non-intervention, which states that external powers should refrain from interfering in the domestic affairs of sovereign states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sovereignty is the authority of a state to govern its own territory, free from external interference. It is the foundation of modern diplomacy and the framework for international relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A system where all sovereign states are considered equal entities under international law; it establishes an international society where they agree to common shared rules and boundaries to regulate their interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hugo Grotius's work introduced the idea that war should be governed by laws and ethical considerations. He argued for just war principles, humanitarian principles in wartime, and specific rules of conduct in diplomacy and conflict resolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imperialism, industrialization, capitalism, and the spread of new ideas such as liberalism and nationalism contributed to the emergence of centralized nations and states with governance, bureaucracy, and sovereignty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 18th and 19th centuries saw the Industrial Revolution, bringing about technological advancements, agricultural improvements, and urbanization. This led to the need for city management, infrastructure development, labor laws, and public health initiatives. The shift from feudal economies to market-driven capitalism created challenging working conditions with poor wages, dangerous workplaces, long hours, and child labor. As a response, the state began to provide public services like healthcare and labor protection in the 19th and 20th centuries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sovereignty, liberalism and individual rights, rejection of monarchy, constitutional rights, democracy, and nationalism were key ideas that contributed to the development of modern state systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liberalism emphasizes individual freedoms, property rights, and limited government intervention. It advocates for free markets, private property ownership, and freedom for individuals to innovate and interact. It prioritizes rationalism over birthrights and challenges old traditions, often calling for popular sovereignty over ruling dynasties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meritocracy is a system where individuals achieve success through their talent and effort, rather than through inherited privilege or social status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Popular sovereignty is the principle that the power of the nation resides in the people. This means that all legal and legitimate power derives from the consent of the people, not from monarchs or other ruling elites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A democratic republic is a form of government where citizens hold ultimate power through elections and choose representatives to govern on their behalf.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-determination is the right of a nation or people to govern themselves without interference from external powers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The steam engine generated power for factories, the multi-spindle spinning frame increased textile production, and the power loom sped up textile weaving. These inventions led to the factory system, which furthered industrialization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Industrial Revolution working conditions were harsh, involving unsafe factories, long hours, low wages, and child labor. This led to movements like socialism, which sought to address these problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Second Industrial Revolution, marked by new energy sources (oil and electricity), mass production, advancements in communication, and global economic integration, rapidly expanded globalization, communication, and trade across the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Railways expanded rapidly, connecting cities and ports, facilitating the quick transport of goods across the world. This expansion aided imperial expansion, allowing colonial powers to extract resources and transport troops efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The telegraph revolutionized long-distance communication, allowing for real-time communication across continents. This transformed global business and diplomacy, as demonstrated by transatlantic cables connecting Europe and North America, speeding up communication from weeks to minutes and accelerating globalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The shift from steam and coal to oil and electricity further enhanced industrial efficiency and productivity. Oil became a valuable resource with significant economic potential. Electricity transformed daily life, powering homes, factories, and cities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that emphasized reason, science, and progress over tradition and religion. It advocated for freedom of speech, separation of church and state, and viewed the world as governed by rational principles and actors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The American Revolution, driven by economic grievances, political ideals, and the influence of Enlightenment thought, was sparked by Britain's taxation of America without representation in the British Parliament. The Revolution embraced Enlightenment principles of protecting natural rights (life, liberty, and property) and championed American nationalism, leading to the Declaration of Independence in 1776.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The French Revolution, one of the most significant revolutions in history, overthrew the monarchy, established a republic, and introduced the concept of popular sovereignty. This revolution dramatically changed France's political, social, and legal structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors contributing to the French Revolution included a lack of representation for the people, financial crises due to inflation and poor harvests, and inequitable taxation where the wealthy paid less while the poor received minimal benefits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen proclaimed that &quot;men are born with equal rights and free.&quot; Its key principles include equality before the law, natural rights to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression, popular sovereignty, and freedom of speech and religion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Popular sovereignty establishes the people as the ultimate source of political power, meaning the government exists to serve them. In monarchy, the monarch holds ultimate power and is not accountable to the people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A subject implies obedience to the monarchy without question, with rights granted by the monarch and subject to revocation at any time. A citizen enjoys political rights and responsibilities, with their rights protected by law, not by the monarch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The French Revolution significantly impacted nationalism, sovereignty, and the structure of international relations. It challenged the legitimacy of empires and emphasized self-determination. It also fostered a sense of national identity, replacing local or religious affiliations with a broader sense of belonging to a nation defined by language, culture, and shared history.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nationalism posits that the world is naturally divided into nations, each with a unique culture, and each nation has the right to control its own political and social destiny. It emphasizes the importance of protecting each nation and allowing it to exist without interference from outside powers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>National elites, composed of educated leaders such as writers, politicians, and historians, played a significant role in defining national identity. They 'discovered' national history, traditions, and cultural symbols, organized movements to promote national consciousness, and challenged imperial rule.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Folk culture (folklore, dances, and songs) was used to strengthen national consciousness and legitimacy for independence movements. It provided a shared cultural heritage, highlighting a nation's history and traditions, which often existed before empires.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Springtime of Nations refers to a period of revolutions in Europe, where lower-class workers united to reject monarchical rule. Initially seeking liberal and democratic reforms, these revolutions were eventually crushed by conservative forces. Despite its short-term failure, the 'Springtime of Nations' had a lasting impact by raising awareness of the power of nations and culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Italy, previously divided and ruled by foreign powers, sought to unify as a nation-state, combining regions under a single centralized government. This movement was driven by a sense of national identity and a desire for independence from foreign control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The First World War's devastation and the desire to secure lasting peace and prevent further conflict prompted the creation of the field of International Relations aimed at studying and understanding the complexities of international affairs, promoting peace, and managing international relations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The League of Nations, established after World War I, aimed to prevent conflict and promote international peace through collective security (shared responsibility for international security), peaceful dispute resolution, and addressing global issues such as refugees, public health crises, and labor rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The League of Nations faced challenges such as its weakness (lack of military power), inefficiency, and failure to prevent expansionist ideologies like Fascism, Nazism, and Communism. It also failed to prevent World War II, and the US did not join.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The United Nations, created after World War II with the backing of the US, works to prevent future wars, foster global cooperation, and address global issues such as health, education, and humanitarian crises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decolonization in the 20th century saw many former colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East gain independence from European powers. They adopted Westphalian concepts of nationalism, sovereignty, and the nation-state, creating a new wave of independent nation-states in the global system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colonies are lands controlled by another nation, where the colonizing power exerts political, economic, and often social influence over the colonized territory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indigenous people often used nationalism to resist colonial rule, asserting their own unified national identity and challenging colonial power structures. They reclaimed their identities, united against colonial oppression, and employed European political ideas to resist Western dominance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Westphalian system, based on principles of state sovereignty, emphasizes that each nation-state has the exclusive right to govern its territory without interference. It also asserts that all states are considered equal under international law, regardless of size or power. Additionally, non-intervention prohibits countries from interfering in the domestic affairs of other states, and territorial integrity protects states' defined borders and their control over their territory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Globalization, characterized by rapid exchange of ideas, goods, and migration, leads to cultural homogenization, merging different cultures and potentially diluting traditional identities. It also raises issues of cultural dominance, as Western culture often has significant influence, leading to concerns about the loss of traditional cultures and the rise of multiculturalism, which brings its own challenges of national identity and integration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'Unipolar Moment' was a period after the Cold War where the US emerged as the sole global superpower, with unmatched economic and military strength. This resulted in a unipolar world order, where the US had the ability to significantly influence international affairs without a comparable competitor. This was evident in its massive military budget and leadership role in NATO.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Challenges to the sovereign-based order include poverty, environmental degradation, and international organized crime and terrorism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>US hegemony is being challenged by countries like China, Brazil, Russia, and Turkey, as well as through the emergence of economic cooperation mechanisms that aim to create more equitable and balanced power dynamics in the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Started at the end of the 15th century and gained momentum in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Period from the late 15th century to the 17th century when Western European powers colonized countries, driven by economic motives.

Belief in European biological superiority leading to oppression of non-Europeans.

Western European nations gained dominance globally through technology, capitalism, and imperialism.

Extending a nation's power over other regions through conquest and domination.

Each state has authority over its territory, free from external intervention.

System where all sovereign states are equal entities under international law.

Proposed that wars should be governed by laws and ethical considerations.

Factors include imperialism, industrialization, capitalism, and spread of new ideas.

Economic shift from feudal systems to market-driven capitalism during industrialization.

New ideas include sovereignty, liberalism, democracy, and nationalism.

Emphasizes individual freedoms, property rights, and limited government intervention.

The idea that the people have the ultimate power to govern.

Nationalism and sovereignty were greatly affected, highlighting self-determination.

Nations are unique cultures deserving autonomy and protection from external interference.

Folklore, songs, and dances that strengthen national identity.

A series of revolutions across Europe aiming to reject monarchal rule.

Characterized by new energy sources, mass production, and global economic integration.

Created to prevent conflict through collective security and peaceful dispute resolution.

Established post-WW2 to promote international peace and address global issues.

Former colonies gained independence and adopted the concepts of nationalism and sovereignty.

Indigenous movements fueled by nationalism against colonial rule.

Contemporary issues include poverty, environmental degradation, and international crime.