International Law Overview

False (B)

The main objective of the MSFD is to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) of the EU's maritime waters by 2020.

<p>The Kyoto Protocol took a top-down approach, while the Paris Agreement adopted a bottom-up approach. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rivalry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'prisoner's dilemma' illustrates the challenges of international cooperation in addressing climate change. It suggests that countries may be tempted to prioritize their own short-term economic interests, even if this leads to a worse outcome for everyone in the long run. This is because individual countries might be reluctant to take action to reduce emissions if they fear that other countries will not follow suit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To define coastal zones in the Mediterranean Sea. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integrated management refers to an approach that considers all aspects of a coastal zone, including its land and sea components, and aims to address conflicts among different stakeholders and activities. It involves a holistic approach that considers the economic, social, environmental, and ecological dimensions of coastal zones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Barcelona Convention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The key principles that guide sustainable development in coastal areas include: no-build strip, urban development break, free access to the sea and along the shoreline, supervision of economic activities, and land policy. These principles aim to balance the different needs and interests within coastal zones, ensuring that economic development does not come at the expense of the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The integration of all sectors of activities affecting the coastal zone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1992 Rio Declaration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Free rider phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decision-making body, Scientific body, and Administrative body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allows for quick and decisive actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent dangerous human interference with the climate system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Kyoto Protocol adopted a top-down approach with specific targets for developed countries, while the Paris Agreement uses a bottom-up approach where countries set their own national contributions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tragedy of the commons and the free-rider phenomenon make it difficult to ensure cooperation and compliance with regulations. Countries are often motivated by short-term economic interests and may not prioritize global public goods like climate protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conference of the Parties (COP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A treaty is a legally binding agreement that requires formal consent from states, while a political declaration is a non-binding statement that does not obligate states in the same way.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of high-rise buildings on the shoreline (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The &quot;soft law&quot; instruments primarily focus on seeking non-binding commitments from states to address environmental issues, relying more on political will and consensus-building than legal enforcement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spatial integration, Temporal integration, and Thematic/horizontal integration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One major challenge is to ensure that the various stakeholders involved in coastal zone management, including government agencies, economic actors, businesses, and local communities, are adequately represented and participate in a collaborative decision-making process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Article 6 emphasizes that the coastal zone should be treated as a single entity, necessitating a holistic approach to management that considers the interconnectedness of various aspects and activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Article 14 of the Barcelona Convention focuses on ensuring appropriate involvement of stakeholders during all stages of the ICZM decision-making process, from formulation to implementation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Article 8 aims to protect and promote the sustainable use of the coastal zone, particularly by setting restrictions on new construction within 100 meters of the shoreline and encouraging a balanced approach to development that considers both conservation and economic development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary principles are the precautionary principle, the polluter pays principle, and the sustainable use of resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Madrid Protocol provides a framework for integrated coastal zone management in the Mediterranean, outlining specific legal and operational guidelines for managing coastal areas within that region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The French government has established a national strategy for the sea and coastal areas, implemented through the Conseil National de la Mer et des Littoraux (CNML), which coordinates and advises on regional coastal management plans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can be challenging to enforce international regulations for fishing activities in the EEZ due to factors such as vast areas, limited resources, and potential difficulties in monitoring compliance from ships operating in the area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is responsible for regulating and managing the resources and environmental protection of The Area, the international seabed beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GFCM focuses on promoting the conservation and sustainable use of living marine resources in the Mediterranean Sea, seeking to address long-term management and ecological sustainability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Agreement aims to address illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing by requiring port states to strengthen controls and inspections of vessels entering their ports, ultimately helping to combat illegal fishing activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specially protected areas are designated to protect and conserve specific marine ecosystems, habitats, and processes, contributing to the long-term health and resilience of marine biodiversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CITES aims to regulate international trade in endangered species, ensuring that trade does not threaten the survival of these species in the wild and promoting sustainable use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The IUCN Red List provides a comprehensive and scientifically rigorous evaluation of the conservation status of species, offering crucial information and guiding conservation efforts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. A treaty that sets the legal framework for activities in the world's oceans, including territorial limits, resource rights, and pollution.

International agreement that sets rules governing how treaties between states are created, interpreted, and enforced.

Regional agreement protecting the Mediterranean Sea from pollution, focusing on marine and coastal areas.

International treaty aiming to conserve biological diversity, sustainably use its components, and fairly share benefits from genetic resources.

Non-binding declaration emphasizing commitments to environmental protection as an integral part of sustainable development.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Aims to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

Agreement focusing on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in the Mediterranean, defining coastal zones but not providing a legal definition in strict terms.

International treaty addressing climate change with a bottom-up approach, setting individual country targets.

A body of rules that govern the relations between states and other international actors.

A legally binding agreement between two or more states, created per the Vienna Convention.

A general practice followed by states over time, which they consider legally binding.

Principles existing in national legal systems that have been incorporated into international law.

A state's action that, under specific circumstances, commits a state to certain obligations, often reciprocal.

Management approach considering all factors influencing coastal areas (e.g., ecological, economic, social) to achieve sustainable development.

The area of land and water that interacts with the ocean, often with complex issues and a lot of uses.

Legal instruments that are not legally binding but exert significant political pressure.

Individual targets, pledged by countries, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions under the Paris Agreement.

EU laws that set goals and deadlines for the EU Member States to follow.

Binding EU laws directly applicable in all member states.

A global public good has two main features: non-rivalry, meaning that one person's consumption does not reduce the amount available for others, and non-exclusivity, where it's impossible or very costly to prevent someone from enjoying the good.

A situation where two individuals acting in their own self-interest, even if they cooperate, end up with a worse outcome than if they had cooperated.

Individuals benefit from a good or service, yet contribute little to its production or provision.

A treaty that creates binding norms, but lacks the specific provisions for states to be bound by those obligations.

A treaty that establishes a broad legal framework for a particular issue and then creates institutions to negotiate and develop more specific norms.

International cooperation is essential for tackling climate change because it's a global problem, and individual countries acting alone are unlikely to achieve significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.

These are different meetings or conferences under the UNFCCC framework: COP (Conference of the Parties) is the main decision-making body. CMP (Meeting of the Parties) deals specifically with the Kyoto Protocol. CMA (Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement) focuses on the Paris Agreement.

Strengths include a step-by-step approach, promoting consensus, and providing scientific information. Limitations include being time-consuming and struggling to achieve concrete commitments quickly.

There are 4 types of international law: treaties, customs, general principles of law, and unilateral acts.

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is an approach that considers all factors influencing coastal areas (e.g., ecological, economic, social) to achieve sustainable development. It's crucial because coastal areas are vital for many economic activities and are vulnerable to environmental threats.

A holistic approach in ICZM means considering the coastal area as a whole, encompassing all the interactions between land, water, and human activities. It helps to address complex coastal issues effectively.

The ICZM cycle includes data collection, planning, decision-making, implementation, and monitoring. This cycle is continuous, ensuring adaptive and effective management.

Integration in ICZM involves spatial integration (land and sea), temporal integration (considering future generations), and thematic integration (encompassing all relevant sectors and activities).

A no-build strip is a buffer zone along the coastline where new construction is prohibited. It helps protect coastal ecosystems and reduce risks from erosion.

ICZM decision-making involves participation from various stakeholders, including local communities, businesses, NGOs, and the public.

The seven different zones are internal waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, exclusive economic zone (EEZ), continental shelf, high seas, and the “area” of the international seabed.

The right of innocent passage allows ships of all nations to sail through the territorial sea of another country without permission, as long as their activities are not harmful or threatening.

The continental shelf is the submarine extension of a country's land territory. It is not part of the high seas, and the coastal state has sovereign rights for exploring and exploiting its natural resources.

The 'area' refers to the seabed and the ocean floor and subsoil thereof beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. It is considered the common heritage of mankind.

The precautionary principle states that when there is scientific uncertainty about the potential harm of an activity, it's better to take action to prevent the harm than to wait for conclusive proof.

The polluter pays principle means that those who pollute are responsible for the costs associated with the pollution, including cleanup and damage.

This principle recognizes that all states share the responsibility for environmental protection, but acknowledges that different states have varying abilities and contributions to environmental problems.

The ecosystem approach considers the interactions between all living organisms and their environment. It aims to manage marine resources in a way that protects the overall health and integrity of the ecosystem.

UNCLOS sets a global framework for regulating activities at sea, while the Barcelona Convention focuses on protecting the Mediterranean Sea specifically.

Modern treaties often include the precautionary and polluter pays principles, shift from pollution prevention to ecosystem protection, and adopt reporting and compliance procedures.

UNCLOS outlines general obligations for coastal states to conserve marine living resources within their territorial waters, EEZs, and the high seas.

Coastal states have sovereign rights over the exploitation of living resources in their EEZs, allowing them to regulate fishing activities and limit access to foreign vessels.

Challenges include overfishing, bycatch, habitat destruction, and the transboundary nature of fish stocks, requiring international cooperation.

The ISA is responsible for regulating activities in the 'area' of international seabed, including mining and exploration, and protecting the marine environment.