International Law Basics Quiz

A key feature of the EU that eliminates customs duties and charges between member states, enabling free movement of goods. It aims to facilitate trade and foster economic growth within the EU.

A fundamental principle of the EU Customs Union, allowing goods to move freely between member states without facing customs barriers. This helps to reduce trade costs and stimulate economic activity.

The central piece of EU legislation that governs the Customs Union, defining rules and procedures for managing customs activities, including trade, tariffs, and customs controls.

International organizations like the World Trade Organization (WTO) and World Customs Organization (WCO) work together to simplify and harmonize customs procedures globally, facilitating international trade.

The EU has sole authority over the Customs Union and common commercial policy, meaning it has the exclusive right to make laws and decisions in these areas.

Agreements like the GATT and WCO conventions influence EU customs legislation. These instruments include hard law (binding rules) and soft law (recommendations) that shape EU customs policies.

EU customs law incorporates international efforts to standardize customs procedures by using codes instead of words, which helps overcome language barriers and facilitates understanding.

The Customs Union is crucial for the EU's internal market and implementing its common commercial policy. It helps ensure free trade and fosters economic development within the EU.

Actions taken by a state to respond to another state's violation of international law. They are a form of self-help.

A state's response to another state's wrongful act, involving unfriendly but legal actions. Examples include cutting off economic aid or withdrawing diplomatic recognition.

A state's response to another state's wrongful act, involving actions that would normally be illegal but are justified due to the prior wrongdoing.

The collective group of states and international organizations that interact and cooperate on global issues. States are the primary members, but international organizations like the UN also play a significant role.

A system where everyone, including government officials, obeys the laws of the land. It ensures fairness, transparency, and accountability.

The primary purpose of international law is to regulate relations between states, and between states and international organisations.

Compelling or fundamental principles of international law that cannot be violated by states, even through treaties. Examples include prohibitions against slavery, genocide, and torture.

A process where a neutral third party helps parties in a dispute reach a settlement or compromise. It's a non-binding intervention aimed at bringing about resolution.

Temporary measures to protect EU industries from sudden, severe, and unpredictable increases in imports. They apply to imports from all countries without discrimination, but developing countries with low import shares can be excluded.

Latin term meaning 'against all'. In EU trade law, it refers to measures that apply to all countries without any discrimination.

The increase in imports must be unpredictable, severe, and sudden to qualify for safeguard measures. The measures should not harm the overall interests of the EU.

Duties imposed on imported goods that have received subsidies from their governments. They are designed to offset the unfair advantage created by subsidies.

To impose countervailing duties, the EU needs to prove the imported goods received subsidies, that the EU industry is suffering injury, and that there's a link between the injury and the subsidized imports. The measures should not harm the overall interests of the EU.

Duties imposed on imported goods sold in the EU at a price lower than their normal value in their home market or below their production cost.

To impose anti-dumping duties, the EU needs to demonstrate dumping, injury to the EU industry, and a link between the injury and the dumped imports. The measures should not harm the overall interests of the EU.

The principle that all stakeholders' interests, including importers, users, customers, and producers, are considered when implementing trade measures such as safeguards, countervailing duties, and anti-dumping duties.

Goods are traded tariff-free and quota-free between the EU and UK, subject to rules of origin. However, customs checks and regulatory compliance add friction to trade.

The UK has limited access to services in the EU, especially financial services. Services trade does not enjoy the same tariff-free benefits as goods.

EU access to UK waters will decrease over 5.5 years, with annual negotiations to adjust quotas to give the UK a larger share of fishing rights.

Provisions ensure fair competition between the EU and UK, covering labor rights, environmental protections, and state aid. Mechanisms exist to address significant regulatory divergence.

Free movement of people ended, but UK citizens can travel visa-free to the EU for short stays (90 days). There are no general rights to live and work in each other's territories.

The agreement includes provisions for cooperation in law enforcement, data sharing, and security measures, though with reduced access compared to EU membership.

New customs checks and documentation requirements, especially impacting small and medium-sized businesses, have increased trade friction.

Businesses need to adapt to new trade rules and may reconfigure supply chains to account for the agreement's impact.

A practice where profits from one business are used to support another business, often at a lower price. This can distort competition.

Discounts or incentives offered to customers who exclusively buy a certain company's products. This can discourage competition and limit customer choices.

Rules aimed at ensuring fair competition within the European Union by preventing practices that restrict competition, like monopolies, anti-competitive agreements, and mergers that harm competition.

A company with significant market power that influences market conditions and can potentially hinder competition.

Penalties imposed on companies that violate competition laws, including fines, cease and desist orders, and structural changes.

A legal order requiring a company to stop engaging in a specific anti-competitive practice. This can be issued by regulatory bodies like the European Commission.

Financial assistance provided by a government to a company. This can be a concern if it distorts competition and gives an unfair advantage.

A set of rules designed to prevent companies from unfairly dominating the market and harming competition. This can involve stopping cartels or companies abusing their power.

A process where governments assess potential mergers or acquisitions to see if they could harm competition. This helps prevent powerful companies from forming that could control too much of the market.

A program where companies involved in illegal practices, like cartels, can get reduced or even no fines if they cooperate with authorities. This encourages whistleblowing and helps fight anti-competitive practices.

Anti-competitive agreements between companies that compete at the same level in the market. Examples include price fixing or market sharing.

Anti-competitive agreements between companies at different levels in the supply chain, like a manufacturer and a retailer, that limit competition.

A group of companies that secretly agree to work together to control prices or limit output. They can hurt competition by artificially raising prices and reducing consumer choice.

When a company with a strong position in the market uses unfair practices to squeeze out competitors or harm consumers, such as charging excessive prices.