International Justice and Challenges
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of restorative justice?

  • Public humiliation of the offender
  • Unilateral punishment of the offender
  • Strict adherence to legal codes
  • Repairing harm and reconciliation (correct)

    • Which outcome is associated with retributive justice?

  • Provision of voice to the offender
  • Mutual trust between parties
  • Humiliation and degradation of the offender (correct)
  • Willingness to forgive

    • Demographic differences in justice orientation indicate that Asian participants are more likely to support which of the following?

  • Punitive prison sentences
  • Unilateral decision-making processes
  • Restorative justice (correct)
  • Retributive justice

    • What does retributive justice generally lead to regarding reconciliation?

    <p>Opposition to reconciliation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key goal of international justice?

    <p>Mutual acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Needs-based Model suggests that punitive actions can have negative effects on what aspect?

    <p>Sense of justice among victims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tribunal combines elements of international criminal tribunals and national courts?

    <p>Hybrid tribunals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological factor influences both victims and perpetrators regarding justice orientations?

    <p>Perspective on fairness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In group conflicts, individuals often seek to maintain what aspect of their identity?

    <p>Positive social identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a negative effect often associated with lenient sentences for perpetrators?

    <p>Greater desire for retribution from victims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of international justice?

    <p>To address systematic violations of human rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT represent an international tribunal mentioned?

    <p>International Court of Justice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main challenges mentioned regarding addressing large-scale violence?

    <p>Weak or corrupt judicial systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure is an example of a non-judicial approach to international justice?

    <p>Truth commissions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant action was taken against Vladimir Putin in March 2023?

    <p>An arrest warrant was issued for him</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the NI Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act grant to perpetrators of Troubles-related crimes?

    <p>Conditional immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might it be challenging to categorize victims and perpetrators in post-conflict societies?

    <p>Victims may also have committed crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary goals of international justice?

    <p>Truth and reconciliation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential impact of punishing perpetrators according to the content?

    <p>It helps address victims' need for retributive justice and may promote reconciliation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is emphasized in the approach of truth commissions?

    <p>Reconciliation and societal healing through public acknowledgment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant finding from the survey of South African adults regarding the TRC's truth?

    <p>There was a clear bilateral relationship between acceptance of the TRC's truth and conciliatory attitudes among White South Africans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is crucial for effective political apologies according to the content?

    <p>Expression of remorse and acknowledgment of responsibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do re-traumatizing effects play in the context of trials?

    <p>They can result in higher depression and PTSD levels among witnesses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a truth and reconciliation commission?

    <p>To investigate patterns of human rights abuses and promote healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might the effectiveness of apologies in promoting intergroup forgiveness be limited?

    <p>Apologies alone are not robust or consistent in fostering healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can pose a barrier to sincere political apologies?

    <p>Cultural factors and domestic opposition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a tentative conclusion about the relationship between truth commissions and reconciliation?

    <p>They might be effective for some groups but not for others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological condition can emerge from trials, as indicated in the content?

    <p>Increased depression and symptoms of PTSD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key findings related to victim needs over time?

    <p>Victim needs are complex and can shift over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding the impact of justice measures?

    <p>Justice measures are only about punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for successful political apologies according to the content?

    <p>Inclusion of victims and addressing their psychological needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is forgiveness characterized in the content?

    <p>A complex process that involves changing negative emotions towards offenders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    International Justice

    • Broadly encompasses measures addressing widespread human rights violations.
    • Subject to international jurisdiction. Often called "Transitional Justice" in political transitions.
    • International efforts include the Nuremberg trials, ICTY, ICTR, and ICC.
    • The ICC issued an arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin in 2023.
    • International legal norms are shifting towards prosecution of serious crimes.

    Historical Examples and Challenges

    • The Troubles (Northern Ireland) saw over 3,500 deaths and 47,000 injuries, with a significant lack of accountability.
    • The NI Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act granted conditional immunity to perpetrators.
    • Challenges in addressing large-scale violence include many victims/perpetrators, unclear categories, weak/corrupt systems, political will, and delayed crimes.

    Approaches to International Justice

    • Judicial approaches: Criminal prosecutions (ICC, ad hoc courts, domestic/hybrid)
    • Non-judicial approaches: Truth commissions, reparations, lustration, apologies, memorialization.

    Goals of International Justice

    • Accountability, truth, reconciliation, human rights, rule of law, and democracy.
    • Societies' desires and goals for specific outcomes vary.

    Justice Orientations (Micro-level)

    • Restorative Justice: Focuses on repairing harm and reconciliation.
    • Retributive Justice: Aims for punishment and moral balance.

    Cultural Differences

    • Asian participants exhibit greater support for restorative justice compared to Western participants.
    • No cultural difference in support for retributive justice.

    Justice Orientations and Attitudes

    • Retributive justice often promotes non-normative actions and opposition to reconciliation, while restorative justice encourages support for peace and reconciliation.
    • Different justice perspectives affect attitudes toward justice interventions.

    Group Identities and Conflicts

    • Group members seek to maintain and restore positive social identity, affecting intergroup attitudes, particularly during conflict.
    • Group identity is categorized into agency and moral-social dimensions.

    Criminal Trials and Reconciliation

    • Criminal trials, focusing on "big fish", include ICTs and hybrid tribunals, and even grassroots courts.
    • The Needs-based Model shows potential negative effects with ingroup perpetrators' punishment and potential for victim desire for retribution in lenient sentences, although trials can promote need for retributive justice and reconciliation.

    Impact of Trials on Healing and Mental Health

    • Trials may improve psychological adjustment and reduce powerlessness but can also re-traumatize, leading to higher depression/PTSD rates.

    Truth Commissions

    • Temporary bodies investigating patterns of human rights abuses, focusing on truth, reconciliation, and societal healing. Often used as restorative justice.
    • South Africa's TRC offered conditional amnesty in exchange for full disclosure.

    Empirical Evidence for Truth Commissions

    • TRC impacted White South Africans' conciliatory attitudes, but the impact on Black participants was not apparent.
    • Limited empirical support for the claim that forgoing accountability fosters reconciliation.

    Symbolic Reparation: Political Apologies

    • Political apologies, aiming for reconciliation, should include remorse, responsibility admission, promises, and offers of repair.
    • Effective apologies address victim needs (agency, relatedness, autonomy) and avoid ambiguity.
    • Apologies can boost perceptions of remorse and victim satisfaction; however, they may be less effective in promoting general, intergroup forgiveness when offered alone and can be more effective when combined with other measures like punishment or financial compensation.

    General Conclusions

    • Justice mechanisms contribute to social healing and reconciliation.
    • Justice is a complex social process, requiring awareness of victim needs and potential for changes overtime.
    • Psychological models risk oversimplification; often, multiple measures/mechanisms are most effective.

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    Description

    Explore the concept of International Justice, including its measures to address human rights violations and challenges faced during implementation. Learn about pivotal historical examples like the NI Troubles and the legal frameworks such as the ICC. This quiz delves into both judicial and non-judicial approaches to achieving justice.

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