42 Questions
What is VmHRV?
Calculated from spectral analysis in the high frequency band
Which parameter is used for assessing longitudinal change on a minute-to-minute basis?
RMSSD
How long does each trial of the Pattern Recognition Task (PRT) last?
11 s
How is higher VmHRV related to cardiac health?
Indicating parasympathetic activation
What does VmHRV reflect in terms of the autonomic nervous system?
Variability in inter-beat intervals
Which measure was used during the stress phase to elicit a stress response?
PRT
What is the significance of low VmHRV?
Impaired stress reactivity
What is the likely purpose of including the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQP) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS-P) as predictor variables in the regression analyses?
To assess the impact of psychological factors on VmHRV
According to polyvagal theory, what is the link between VmHRV and social health?
Higher VmHRV is linked to positive social functioning
What does VmHRV adjustment for respiratory parameters involve?
Removing the influences of respiration on heart rate variability
How does VmHRV affect cognitive processing capacity?
Increases cognitive processing capacity
What is the relationship between RMSSD and HF-HRV?
They are strongly correlated
Which component was included in the regression analysis involving ln(RMSSD) * 100 and meaning in life?
MLQ-P
What does VmHRV adjustment for respiratory parameters involve?
Respiration and cognitive processing capacity
Which model suggests that VmHRV is associated with self-regulation of the central autonomic network?
Neurovisceral Integration Model
How is VmHRV recovery in individuals with higher MIL affected in an 'active' MM condition compared to a 'control' MM condition?
Faster in the 'active' MM condition
What is the relationship between VmHRV and executive functioning based on the information provided?
Higher VmHRV is linked to higher executive functioning
Which neural regions are involved in the functional connectivity reflected by VmHRV according to the text?
Prefrontal cortical regions (PFC) and subcortical regions
How does the CAN output impact VmHRV according to the text?
It reflects the functional connectivity between PFC and subcortical regions
What is the neural origin of respiration and VmHRV relationship?
Vagus nerve
What is the primary purpose of the component-plus-residual plots mentioned in the text?
To visualize the relationship between the fitted values and residuals of the regression model
What is the primary purpose of adjusting for respiratory parameters when analyzing VmHRV?
To account for the influence of respiration on heart rate variability, as respiration is a known modulator of cardiac autonomic function.
Which of the following best describes the relationship between respiration and VmHRV?
Respiration influences VmHRV through its modulation of cardiac autonomic function, and VmHRV can, in turn, influence respiratory patterns.
What is the main purpose of the Pattern Recognition Task (PRT) in the study?
To measure cognitive processing capacity
Based on the information provided, what is the likely goal of the study described in the text?
To explore the role of psychological factors in modulating VmHRV while accounting for respiratory influences
Which of the following variables is likely to be the outcome variable in the regression analyses presented in Tables 2 and 3?
RMSSD (root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats)
How does meaning in life (MIL) relate to stress-regulation and the Pattern Recognition Task (PRT)?
Higher MIL is proposed to buffer adverse life stress and enhance self-regulation by facilitating coherent organization of goals and stressors.
What is the neural origin of the relationship between respiration and VmHRV?
The neural origins of respiration and VmHRV are not explicitly discussed in the provided text.
How does cognitive processing capacity relate to the analysis of VmHRV and respiration?
The text does not provide information about the role of cognitive processing capacity in the analysis of VmHRV and respiration.
Based on the information provided, what is the likely purpose of including respiration as a predictor variable in the regression analyses?
To account for the potential influence of respiration on vagally-mediated heart rate variability (VmHRV)
Why is there an ongoing debate about whether VmHRV should be adjusted for respiratory parameters?
To evaluate VmHRV accurately
What was the information provided to participants regarding task performance before starting the Pattern Recognition Task (PRT)?
Average score of 80% with average response time of 2 s
What is one argument presented against adjusting VmHRV for respiratory parameters?
It eliminates important individual differences
What was the action expected from the participants upon presentation of the 5th character in the Pattern Recognition Task (PRT)?
Press the right arrow key for 'False'
What type of feedback was displayed on the screen immediately after participants responded in the Pattern Recognition Task (PRT)?
Right choice (50% of the time)
Why do some researchers argue that VmHRV should not be adjusted for respiratory parameters?
To remove the influence from a common genetic-neural origin
What was displayed on the screen along with 'Right Answer' or 'Wrong Answer' in the Pattern Recognition Task (PRT)?
'Correct' and 'Incorrect' responses
What did the regression analysis reveal regarding the relationship between Meaning in Life (MIL) and vagally-mediated heart rate variability (VmHRV) at baseline?
A quadratic relationship
Under what conditions was the MIL linked to greater stress-reactivity according to the study?
Stressor conditions
What physiological process was specifically examined in relation to higher Meaning in Life (MIL) in the study?
Heart rate variability
In what conditions were phasic changes in vagally-mediated heart rate variability (VmHRV) analyzed as a function of Meaning in Life (MIL)?
Resting and stressor conditions
What did the mixed models indicate about the relationship between higher Meaning in Life (MIL) and stress attenuation?
No impact on stress attenuation
Study Notes
Study Design and Participants
- The study was approved by the Human Participants Review Committee at York University
- Sample size estimation: N = 52 for medium to large effect size with a power of 0.80
- Assuming 20% drop-out rate, N = 65 was the target sample size
- Participants were recruited from an undergraduate research pool, aged 17-27 years old
Meaning in Life (MIL) and Stress Regulation
- MIL buffers adverse life stress and improves self-regulation
- Higher MIL leads to better attitudes towards stressors, making them less random and more comprehensible
- Enhanced MIL experience reduces stress-reactivity by providing a framework for prioritizing daily stressors
- MIL and social connectedness likely interact in cycles where close relationships elevate MIL and elevated MIL promotes social bonding
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and Health
- HRV measures functional balance in the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
- Vagally-mediated heart rate variability (VmHRV) reflects variability in inter-beat intervals and provides a measure of parasympathetic activation
- Higher VmHRV indicates cardiac health, reflecting adaptive and efficient ANS responses to external stimuli
- Low VmHRV signals autonomic inflexibility and dysregulation linked to impaired stress reactivity, distress, and disease risk
Methodology
- VmHRV was acquired using a 3-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) configuration
- ECG signals were digitized at a sampling rate of 1000 Hz using a PowerLab 4/35 acquisition system
- Digitized signals were recorded and analyzed using LabChart 8 software
- Prior to analysis, all ECG recordings were visually inspected for artifacts, arrhythmias, and ectopic beats, and manually adjusted if necessary
Measures
- VmHRV was calculated from spectral analysis in the high frequency band (0.15–0.40 Hz [HF-HRV]) using the Lomb-Scargle Periodogram algorithm
- RMSSD (root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats) was used as a measure of VmHRV
- Meaning in Life Questionnaire - Presence of meaning subscale (MLQ-P) was used to assess MIL
- Positive and Negative Affect Schedule – Positive affect (PANAS-P) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) were used to assess psychological variables
Explore an overview of VmHRV measures RMSSD and HF-HRV in the context of psychophysiology research. Learn about their strong correlation and significance as preferred measures of VmHRV. Dive into the cross-sectional analyses based on 5-min measurements of RMSSD and HF-HRV.
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