International Environmental Law Quiz

<p>Precautionary Principle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protecting natural resources and systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Trail Smelter Arbitration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polluter-Pays Principle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conflict involving foreign intervention or between states. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Principle of Distinction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To serve as a last resort for criminal prosecution. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>War crimes, genocide, and crimes against humanity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>International Armed Conflicts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Balancing military advantage against civilian harm. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Those who commission, order, aid, or abet the commission of crimes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protracted violence and intense conflicts between organized groups. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-lethal alternatives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The death penalty is highly regulated and only for severe crimes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The response should match the threat's severity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>State involvement that causes severe pain or suffering. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>UNCAT (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It induces feelings of fear and inferiority. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They should be protected and sought assurances for their safety. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To refrain from actions that constitute degrading treatment or torture. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IHRL regulates states' obligations to individuals at all times. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All states that are parties to international treaties. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Freedom from torture. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enforce the European Convention on Human Rights. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They require periodic reporting by state parties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To refrain from actions that violate rights. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Third generation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is an absolute right with no permissible exceptions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The reservation should not affect the purpose of the treaty. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arab system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as a non-binding initial step before the IACtHR. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A state that objects to a norm as it is emerging. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can only be limited if prescribed by law. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical liberty (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Confinement to a restricted space without consent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It mandates independent and impartial tribunals for adjudication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preventive detention without trial (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Affirmative action policies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During emergencies as specified by law (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensuring a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A tribunal with binding decisions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ICCPR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Height requirements for police recruits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They must provide the same level of protections as civilian courts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creating equal opportunities regardless of background (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Customary international law (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allowing arbitrary decisions on detention by officials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lotus Case (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smuggling illegal drugs across the border of a state (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has been criticized as an infringement on the sovereignty of other states. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>State immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immune only for sovereign acts, not for commercial or private acts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functional immunity only applies to official acts while personal immunity extends to both official and private acts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals are still accountable for international crimes, even if they were acting under orders or in an official capacity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Personal immunity is not applicable to international crimes, regardless of the rank of the official, meaning they can be prosecuted even while in office. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Establishes that genuine connection is needed for nationality.

Determines corporate nationality by place of incorporation.

Jurisdiction over crimes where the victim is a national.

Jurisdiction over acts threatening national security interests.

Jurisdiction over global crimes affecting the international community.

Jurisdiction over foreign acts impacting the state's interests.

Equals cannot judge each other; immunity for sovereign acts.

Immunity for official acts, even after leaving office.

Art. 21 ICC Statute outlines sources like treaties and principles.

Governs human interaction with the environment to protect resources.

States must avoid causing environmental harm to others.

Inaction is not justified by lack of scientific certainty.

Polluters are responsible for the costs of pollution.

Developed countries have greater responsibility for environmental harm.

Ensures fairness between current and future generations’ needs.

Meets current needs without compromising future generations’ abilities.

A conflict between states or involving foreign intervention.

A conflict between a state and organized armed groups or between such groups within a state.

A fundamental rule to differentiate between combatants and civilians in warfare.

Ban on attacks that do not discriminate between military targets and civilians.

A rule requiring proportionality in attacks, minimizing civilian harm while achieving military objectives.

A treaty-based court established to prosecute serious international crimes.

Principle where ICC intervenes only when states fail to prosecute crimes.

Accountability for committing, planning, or facilitating international crimes.

The use of deadly violence by law enforcement under strict conditions.

A legal penalty where a person is executed for severe crimes, regulated and often debated.

A principle preventing the transfer of individuals to places where they may face harm.

Severe pain inflicted for punishment or coercion, involving state actors.

Treatment causing serious physical or mental suffering, often premeditated.

The right to express opinions without interference from authorities.

Treatment causing feelings of inferiority, fear, or humiliation.

States must prevent torture and ensure remedies for violations.

Defined armed conflict for international law purposes in 1995.

Established state responsibility for transboundary pollution in 1941.

Addressed the environment as part of human living space in 1996.

Established the principle of superior/command responsibility in ICC.

International Human Rights Law regulates freedoms owed to individuals by states.

Includes UDHR, ICCPR, ICESCR forming the International Bill of Human Rights.

Comprises 46 member states with the European Convention on Human Rights.

Enforcement through Inter-American Commission and Court on Human Rights.

Includes the African Charter and two tier enforcement with its court.

First (civil/political), second (economic/social), third (solidarity) rights.

The duty not to infringe on human rights; refrain from violations.

The duty to actively protect and uphold human rights for individuals.

States must respect human rights within their territorial and extraterritorial jurisdiction.

Rights that cannot be suspended or limited under any circumstances.

Entitlement to be free from acts causing unnatural or premature death.

Case balancing freedom of expression with privacy rights for public figures.

The physical freedom of individuals and protection against arbitrary detention.

Confinement without consent; can be objective or subjective.

Limited freedom, e.g., curfews or house arrest, differs from deprivation.

States must not unlawfully deprive individuals of their liberty.

States must ensure respect for liberty, even by private entities.

Includes reasons for detention and rights to challenge it, ensuring humane treatment.

State involvement in abductions, ignoring victims' fate.

Ensures fairness in legal proceedings, focusing on procedure, not outcome.

Sometimes try civilians, raising concerns about fairness and independence.

Legal equality ensuring equal treatment before the law without discrimination.

Focuses on actual equal opportunities and results, addressing indirect discrimination.

States must avoid actions directly or indirectly causing discrimination.

Proactive measures needed to promote and secure equality, including affirmative actions.

Framework to assess if actions constitute direct or indirect discrimination.