Internal Combustion Engine Principles

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of a heat engine?

To convert mechanical energy into thermal energy

To generate electrical energy from fuel

To convert kinetic energy into potential energy

To convert thermal energy into mechanical energy (correct)

What is the main difference between an internal combustion engine and an external combustion engine?

The power output of the engine

The type of fuel used in the engine

The location of the combustion process (correct)

The design of the engine cylinder

What is the term for the combustion process that occurs when the air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark?

Constant pressure combustion

Constant volume combustion (correct)

Rapid explosion combustion

Slow burning combustion

What is the advantage of internal combustion engine over external combustion engine in terms of weight and mechanical complexity?

More mechanical simplicity and lower weight/power ratio Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the piston in an internal combustion engine?

To convert the expansive force of gases into useful power Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the combustion process that occurs when fuel is injected into highly compressed heated air contained in the cylinder?

Constant pressure combustion Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of internal combustion engine over external combustion engine in terms of startup and shutdown time?

They can be started and stopped in a shorter time Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the connecting rod in an internal combustion engine?

To rotate the crankshaft Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the flywheel in an engine?

To maintain uniform engine speed by carrying the crankshaft through the intervals when it is not receiving power from a piston Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the counter-weights and the flywheel in an engine?

To help in the smooth running of the engine Signup and view all the answers

What is the material used to make the connecting rod?

Drop forged steel Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the camshaft in an engine?

To operate the valves by lifting them against the pressure of the spring Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of engine bearings?

High speed, heavy load, and high temperature Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the valves in an engine?

To allow the air to enter into the cylinder or the exhaust gases to escape from the cylinder Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended horsepower for a 20 hectares farm, considering a single cropping pattern?

20-25 hp Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the speed of the crankshaft and the camshaft?

The camshaft rotates at half the speed of the crankshaft Signup and view all the answers

What type of engine is preferred in very hot zones and desert areas?

Air-cooled engine Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical material used to make the flywheel?

Cast iron Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consideration for selecting a tractor with a lower wheel base and higher ground clearance?

Soil condition Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered while purchasing a tractor to minimize the running cost?

Tractors with less specific fuel consumption Signup and view all the answers

What should be consulted for guidance while selecting a tractor?

Test report of tractors Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consideration for selecting a tractor for a 25 hectares farm with adequate irrigation facilities?

Less than 1.0 hectare/hp Signup and view all the answers

What should be ensured while purchasing a tractor in terms of repairing facilities?

A nearby dealer with technical skills Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered while purchasing a tractor in terms of initial cost and resale value?

Lower initial cost for better resale value Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a cage wheel?

To improve traction in wet fields Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the distance between the two wheels of a tractor on the same axle?

Track Signup and view all the answers

What is the year in which the concept of power tiller was introduced?

1920 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a mounted implement and a power tiller?

Mounted implements are controlled directly by the tractor steering unit Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the height of the lowest point of a tractor from the ground surface?

Ground clearance Signup and view all the answers

What is the diameter of the smallest circle described by the outermost point of a tractor?

Turning space Signup and view all the answers

Which country is credited with the introduction of power tillers on a large scale?

Japan Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the horizontal distance between the front and rear wheels of a tractor?

Wheelbase Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the decompression lever on a tractor's control board?

To release the compression in the engine cylinders Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the ply rating of a tractor tyre?

It indicates the comparative strength of the tyre Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the front axle on a tractor?

To steer the tractor in various directions Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of a semi-mounted type implement?

It is attached to the tractor along a hinge axis Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical useful life of a pneumatic tractor tyre under normal operating conditions?

6000 working hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hitching system in tractor-drawn implements?

To attach the implement to the tractor Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the tyre size 12—38 on a tractor?

It indicates the sectional diameter and rim diameter of the tyre Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the inflation pressure of the rear wheels and the front wheel of a tractor?

The front wheel has a higher inflation pressure Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Principles of Internal Combustion Engine

A heat engine is a machine that converts heat into useful work by burning fuel.
There are two types of heat engines: external combustion engines and internal combustion engines.
In an external combustion engine, the combustion of fuel takes place outside the cylinder, and the heat is generated in a boiler.
In an internal combustion engine, the combustion of fuel takes place inside the cylinder, and the heat is generated within the cylinder.
The internal combustion engine uses the expansive force of gases produced by burning fuel within the cylinder to convert the generated heat into useful power.

Types of Combustion in Internal Combustion Engine

There are two ways combustion takes place within the cylinder:
- Constant Volume Combustion (CVC): rapid explosion of the air-fuel mixture within the cylinder, ignited by a spark.
- Constant Pressure Combustion (CPC): slow burning of fuel injected into highly compressed heated air contained in the cylinder.

Advantages of Internal Combustion Engine

More mechanical simplicity and lower weight/power ratio.
No need for auxiliary equipment, such as boiler and condenser.
Can be started and stopped in a short time.

Components of Internal Combustion Engine

Connecting Rod: made of drop-forged steel, with an I-beam type section, connecting the piston to the crankshaft.
Crankshaft: connected to the piston through the connecting rod, converts the linear motion of the piston into the rotational motion of the flywheel.
Engine Bearings: anti-friction bearings that support the crankshaft and camshaft, capable of withstanding high speed, heavy load, and high temperatures.
Valves: allow air to enter the cylinder and exhaust gases to escape, operated by the camshaft.
Camshaft: operates the valves, with separate cams for the inlet and exhaust valves, driven by the crankshaft.
Flywheel: maintains uniform engine speed by carrying the crankshaft through the intervals when it is not receiving power from a piston.

Selection of Tractor

Factors to consider when selecting a tractor:
- Land holding: 1 hp for every 1 hectare of land.
- Cropping pattern: less than 1.0 hectare/hp for multiple crops.
- Soil condition: tractor with less wheel base, higher ground clearance, and low overall weight for lighter soil.
- Climatic condition: air-cooled engines for hot and high-altitude areas.
- Repairing facilities: availability of dealer with technical skills for repair and maintenance.
- Running cost: tractors with less specific fuel consumption.
- Initial cost and resale value: consider the resale value and initial cost.

Control Board or Dash Board of a Tractor

Components of the control board:
- Main switch
- Throttle lever
- Decompression lever
- Hour meter
- Light switch
- Horn button
- Battery charging indicator
- Oil pressure indicator
- Water temperature gauge

Tractor Tyres and Front Axle

Tyres: available in many sizes with ply ratings, indicating comparative strength.
Front axle: unit on which front wheels are mounted, comprising idler wheels for steering.

Hitching System of Tractor Drawn Implements

Types of tractor-drawn implements:
- Trailed type: pulled and guided from a single hitch point.
- Semi-mounted type: attached to the tractor along a hinge axis.
- Mounted type: attached to the tractor, controlled directly by the tractor steering unit.

Important Terms Connected with Tractors

Wheelbase: horizontal distance between the front and rear wheels.
Ground clearance: height of the lowest point of the tractor from the ground surface.
Track: distance between the two wheels of the tractor on the same axle.
Turning space: diameter of the smallest circle described by the outermost point of the tractor.
Cage wheel: wheel or attachment with spaced cross bars for improving traction in wet fields.

Power Tiller

A prime mover controlled by an operator walking behind it.
Also known as a hand tractor or walking-type tractor.
Originated in Japan in the 1920s, with the first successful model designed in 1947.
Power tiller is a single-axle walking-type tractor, with an optional riding seat.

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Description

Learn about the principles of internal combustion engines, including heat engines, types of heat engines, and their applications. Understand the basics of external and internal combustion engines.