5 Questions
What type of intermolecular force is responsible for surface tension in water?
Hydrogen bonding
How does the boiling point of a solution change compared to the boiling point of the pure solvent?
It increases due to the presence of solute particles
Which property of water is most critical for its role as a universal solvent?
Polarity
In the process of solvation, what term is used to refer to the substance being dissolved?
Solute
How does the presence of electrolytes affect a solution compared to non-electrolytes?
Electrolytes increase conductivity while non-electrolytes decrease it
Study Notes
Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties
- Identify intermolecular forces based on molecular geometry
- Correlation between intermolecular forces of attraction and physical properties:
- Boiling point
- Melting point
- Vapor pressure
Properties of Water
- Shape: bent or V-shape
- Polarity: polar molecule
- Surface tension: high surface tension due to hydrogen bonding
- Specific heat capacity: high heat capacity due to hydrogen bonding
Phase Changes of Water
- Energy required for phase changes:
- Melting (solid to liquid)
- Vaporization (liquid to gas)
- Condensation (gas to liquid)
Solvation
- Process of dissolution of a solute in a solvent
- Formation of electrolytes:
- Strong electrolytes: completely dissociate in water
- Weak electrolytes: partially dissociate in water
Electrolytes and Solubility
- Examples of electrolytes:
- Salts (e.g. NaCl)
- Acids (e.g. HCl)
- Bases (e.g. NaOH)
- Solubility: ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent
- Factors affecting solubility:
- Nature of the solute and solvent
- Temperature
- Pressure
Measures of Solubility
- Molarity: number of moles of solute per liter of solution
- Percent solutions: concentration of solute as a percentage of the solution
- Dilutions: decreasing the concentration of a solution
Colligative Properties
- Changes in physical properties with solutions:
- Vapor pressure lowering
- Boiling point elevation
- Melting point depression
Beer's Law
- Definition: relationship between the concentration of a solute and the absorbance of light
- Application: used to measure the concentration of a solute
Test your knowledge on intermolecular forces, properties of water, phase changes, solvation, and electrolytes. Understand the relationship between molecular geometry and intermolecular forces along with their impact on physical properties like boiling point and melting point.
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