Water and Its Properties
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Questions and Answers

What is the main characteristic of a concentrated solution?

  • Is always safe to handle.
  • Is the same as a dilute solution.
  • Contains a small amount of dissolved solute.
  • Contains a large amount of dissolved solute. (correct)

    • Which of the following safety procedures is crucial when diluting sulfuric acid?

  • Add acid to water to minimize reactions. (correct)
  • Allow the acid to cool before diluting.
  • Use tap water for dilution.
  • Add water to the acid for thorough mixing.

    • What does the formula c = n/V represent in a solution?

  • The total weight of the solution.
  • The mass of the solute in grams.
  • The amount concentration of the solution. (correct)
  • The volume of the solvent needed.

    • What is a standard solution?

    <p>A solution with a precise, known concentration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does temperature generally affect the solubility of a solid solute in a liquid?

    <p>Increases solubility with increased temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is necessary to ensure precise preparation of a standard solution?

    <p>Using volumetric flasks for accuracy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering the dilution of a solution, what is a dilution factor?

    <p>The ratio of the initial concentration to the final concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resulting concentration when 1.0 L of 12 mol/L hydrochloric acid is diluted to 4.0 L?

    <p>3.0 mol/L (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pipette is used for delivering fixed volumes?

    <p>Volumetric pipette (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of hydrogen gas accumulation in a poorly ventilated area?

    <p>Risk of explosion or fire. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the dilution calculation formula, what does 'c_d' represent?

    <p>Concentration of the diluted solution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concentration of hydrogen peroxide affect hair color lifting?

    <p>Higher concentrations lift color faster (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 6% W/V hydrogen peroxide solution mean?

    <p>6 g of hydrogen peroxide in 100 mL of solution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major environmental advantage of transporting concentrated chemicals?

    <p>It reduces transportation volume/weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concentration expression type indicates the mass of solute per mass of solution?

    <p>Weight/Weight (% W/W) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a supersaturated solution?

    <p>It contains more solute than equilibrium can support, often unstable. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can influence the extent of color lift when using hydrogen peroxide?

    <p>Concentration and duration of contact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the solubility of gases typically respond to changes in temperature?

    <p>Solubility decreases with increased temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about a saturated solution?

    <p>It contains the maximum solute at a specific temperature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What practical method can be used to test for saturation in a solution?

    <p>Adding more solute to see if it dissolves. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does thermal pollution affect oxygen levels in aquatic ecosystems?

    <p>It decreases dissolved oxygen levels, harming aquatic life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When scuba divers ascend too quickly, what phenomenon occurs in their blood?

    <p>Gas bubbles form due to decreased pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does pressure have on the solubility of gases?

    <p>Higher pressure generally increases gas solubility. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What safety concern is associated with using jumper cables to start a dead car battery?

    <p>Production of hydrogen gas that can ignite. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Amount Concentration

    The concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per liter of solution (mol/L).

    Concentrated Solution

    A solution containing a large amount of dissolved solute relative to the solvent.

    Dilute Solution

    A solution containing a small amount of dissolved solute relative to the solvent.

    Dilution

    The process of decreasing the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent.

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    Stock Solution

    A concentrated solution used to make other, less concentrated solutions.

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    Dilution Process (Acid)

    Carefully add acid to water, never the reverse, to avoid dangerous reactions and splattering.

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    Calculating Concentration

    Using the formula c = n/V (concentration = moles of solute / liters of solution) to determine the concentration or amounts of solute or solution.

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    Standard Solution

    A solution of precisely known concentration, typically prepared using volumetric glassware.

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    What is a saturated solution?

    A solution containing the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a specific temperature. Adding more solute will not dissolve it.

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    Unsaturated Solution

    A solution containing less than the maximum amount of dissolved solute. More solute can be dissolved.

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    Supersaturated Solution

    A solution holding more dissolved solute than it normally can at that temperature. It's unstable and solute can crystallize out with a disturbance.

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    Solubility Curve

    A graph showing how the solubility of a substance changes with temperature.

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    Solubility of Solids and Temperature

    The solubility of most solids increases as temperature increases.

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    Solubility of Gases and Temperature

    The solubility of gases generally decreases as temperature increases.

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    Solubility & Pressure (Gases)

    Gas solubility increases at higher pressure.

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    Oxygen Solubility & Aquatic Life

    Warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cold water, which can stress fish.

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    Dilution Formula

    The formula c_c * V_c = c_d * V_d relates the concentration (c) and volume (V) of a concentrated (c) and diluted (d) solution. It applies the principle that the number of moles of solute stays the same during dilution.

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    Volumetric vs. Graduated Pipettes

    Volumetric pipettes deliver a fixed, precise volume, while graduated pipettes allow you to measure a range of volumes.

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    Hydrogen Peroxide's Role in Hair Dye

    Hydrogen peroxide is used in hair dye to lighten hair color by oxidizing the melanin pigments.

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    Volume/Volume (% V/V)

    A concentration expression that indicates the volume of solute in a given total volume of solution. For example, 50% V/V isopropyl alcohol means 50 mL of alcohol in 100 mL of solution.

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    Weight/Volume (% W/V)

    A concentration expression indicating the mass (weight) of solute in a specified volume of solution. For example, 6% W/V hydrogen peroxide means 6 grams of hydrogen peroxide in 100 mL of solution.

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    Weight/Weight (% W/W)

    A concentration expression indicating the mass of solute in a given total mass of solution. For example, 5% W/W benzoyl peroxide means 5 grams of benzoyl peroxide in 100 grams of solution.

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    Study Notes

    Water and Its Properties

    • Most compounds with similar molecular mass to water (e.g., methane) are gases at room temperature due to weak intermolecular forces.
    • Water is a liquid at room temperature because its intermolecular forces are unusually strong, particularly hydrogen bonding.
    • Methane has a central carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms. The symmetrical arrangement makes methane non-polar. Intermolecular forces are London dispersion forces, which are weak.
    • Hydrogen chloride (HCl) has a polar covalent bond due to chlorine's higher electronegativity than hydrogen. Intermolecular forces include London dispersion forces and dipole-dipole forces.
    • Water molecules are highly polar due to the polarity of the H-O bonds and their asymmetrical arrangement. Hydrogen bonding occurs between hydrogen in one water molecule and oxygen in another.
    • Hydrogen bonding is a significant type of intermolecular force giving water unique properties.

    Significance of Hydrogen Bonding

    • Hydrogen bonding contributes to many unique water properties vital for life on Earth.
    • Water stays liquid at room temperature because of hydrogen bonding.
    • Water has high melting and boiling points due to hydrogen bonding.
    • Water's ability to absorb/release large amounts of thermal energy moderates temperature changes in organisms and the environment.
    • Water's inability to mix with non-polar compounds allows organisms to retain water and store non-polar substances.
    • Water expands when freezing, causing ice to float, which enables life to survive in bodies of water.

    Solutions

    • A solution is a homogeneous mixture with a uniform composition throughout (one phase).
    • Solutions can be solids, liquids or gases.
    • Solutions appear transparent because the entities they contain are too small to block light.
    • Solutions can be coloured or colourless.
    • A glucose solution (IV drip) is an example of a solution where glucose (solute) dissolves in water (solvent).
    • Homogeneous mixtures are uniform throughout. Heterogeneous mixtures have distinct phases. (e.g., oil and vinegar)

    Components of a Solution

    • Concentration: the ratio of solute/solution or solvent.
    • Concentrated solution: a solution with a relatively large quantity of solute.
    • Dilute solution : a solution with a relatively small quantity of solute.
    • Aqueous solutions: contain water as the solvent. (Most solutions in investigations are aqueous).

    Aqueous Solutions

    • They are transparent.
    • Used in many common products (e.g., pop, vinegar, shampoo).

    Decompression Sickness

    • Scuba divers risk gas bubbles forming in their blood if ascending too quickly.

    Water Contaminants

    • Physical contaminants: debris and suspended particles.
    • Biological contaminants: bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.
    • Chemical contaminants: water-soluble substances (e.g., heavy metals, organic solvents).

    Water Quality Standards

    • Health Canada sets guidelines for acceptable contaminant levels in drinking water.
    • Provincial/territorial governments implement testing programs.

    Water Treatment Process

    • These processes involve removing contaminants.
    • Steps include collection, treatment, disinfection, purification, and softening (reducing mineral content)

    Chemical Analysis Types

    • Qualitative analysis identifies substances.
    • Quantitative analysis measures concentrations of substances (e.g., X-ray diffraction).

    Precipitation Reactions

    • Certain ions can be identified by the differences in solubility. (e.g., lead ions forming yellow PbI₂ precipitate).

    Spectroscopy

    • An advanced method used to analyze light emissions to determine qualitative/quantitative data.

    Dilution

    • Dilution involves adding solvent to a concentrated solution to decrease its concentration.

    • The formula for dilution is c₁V₁ = c₂V₂ where c₁ and V₁ are the initial concentration and volume and c₂ and V₂ are the final concentration and volume of the solution.

    Hydrogen Peroxide in Hair

    • Used to lighten hair color through a process called "lifting."
    • Higher concentrations can lift color faster but may cause more damage.
    • Concentration expressions include V/V, W/V, and W/W.

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    Solutions Unit 4 Chemistry Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the unique properties of water and the significance of hydrogen bonding in this quiz. Understand how intermolecular forces influence water's state at room temperature compared to other compounds like methane and hydrogen chloride. Test your knowledge about molecular polarity and the role of hydrogen bonds in water's characteristics.

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