Unit 6 Textbook

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Questions and Answers

What type of reinforcement depends only on the number of responses the organism has to perform?

  • Partial reinforcement
  • Fixed-Interval Schedule
  • Fixed-Ratio Schedule (correct)
  • Continuous reinforcement

What type of reinforcement occurs only some of the time?

  • Continuous reinforcement
  • Fixed-Interval Schedule
  • Fixed-Ratio Schedule
  • Partial reinforcement (correct)

What type of schedule delivers the reinforcer after every set number of responses?

  • Continuous reinforcement
  • Fixed-Interval Schedule
  • Variable-Ratio Schedule
  • Fixed-Ratio Schedule (correct)

What is the pause in responding after delivery of the reinforcer on FR and FI schedules called?

<p>Post-reinforcement pause (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What leads to longer pauses in responding according to the text?

<p>Higher ratio (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement has a high and steady rate of responding that completes each ratio requirement?

<p>Ratio run (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the pause periodically before completion of responses according to the text?

<p>Ratio strain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which schedule requires an unpredictable number of responses to elicit the reinforcer?

<p>Variable-Ratio Schedule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which schedule is the reinforcement given if there is a response after a certain amount of time has passed?

<p>Variable-Interval Schedule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which schedule involves a gradual increase in the rate of responding between each reinforcement?

<p>Fixed-Interval Schedule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement schedule involves a restriction on how long the reinforcer remains available?

<p>Limited Hold Interval Schedule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which schedule do organisms respond more steadily and steadily?

<p>Variable-Ratio Schedule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which schedule reinforces short inter-response times?

<p>Fixed-Ratio Schedule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of responding is observed in participants tested with stimuli that increasingly differ from the stimulus presented during training?

<p>Stimulus Generalization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the precise measure of the degree of stimulus control?

<p>Stimulus Generalization Gradient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which experiment involved pigeons being reinforced on a Variable-Interval schedule for pecking a key?

<p>Reynolds Experiment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for differential responding in the presence of two or more stimuli?

<p>Stimulus Discrimination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for responding in a similar way to two or more stimuli?

<p>Stimulus Generalization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be conducted to make the learned therapy as natural as possible and to generalize treatment outcomes to life?

<p>Sequential Modification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach to enhance extinction of conditioned behavior?

<p>Increase the number of extinction trials and space them apart (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does presenting extinction reminder cues during recovery tests affect the renewal effect?

<p>Reduces renewal effect by reactivating extinction performance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of compounding extinction stimuli?

<p>Reduces reinstatement effect and slows rate of acquisition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is extinction training recommended to be introduced to depress behavior effectively?

<p>Right after acquisition but before memory consolidation sets in (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the number and spacing of extinction trials affect spontaneous recovery and renewal?

<p>Closer trials may be better for spontaneous recovery but spaced apart trials are better for renewal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does reapplication of exposure therapy after each extinction test session affect spontaneous recovery?

<p>Spontaneous recovery occurs to a lesser extent with each extinction test session (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does conducting extinction in multiple contexts help eliminate the renewal effect?

<p>Due to lack of generalization of extinction to other contexts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of priming extinction during the reconsolidation window?

<p>To modify the activated memory and update it (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required to induce synthesis of new proteins for producing real changes in learning?

<p>Consolidation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does anisomycin inhibit to affect memory?

<p>Protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if extinction training is conducted while in the reconsolidation window?

<p>Fear memory is especially vulnerable to extinction training (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the paradoxical reward effect due to during extinction?

<p>Unexpected absence of reinforcement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism behind the partial-reinforcement extinction effect?

<p>Discrimination hypothesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is resistance to change and related to the rate of reinforcement called?

<p>Behavioral momentum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the frustration theory suggest about persistence in extinction?

<p>Persistence results from learning something counterintuitive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the sequential theory propose about the cue for performing a response during extinction?

<p>Memory of nonreinforcement is a cue for performing the response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement schedule results in higher persistence in responding?

<p>Intermittent reinforcement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the behavior that is hard to disrupt or stop using extinction or other manipulation?

<p>Behavioral momentum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the paradoxical effect where more training of continuous reinforcement results in more rapid extinction?

<p>Overtraining extinction effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the magnitude reinforcement extinction effect refer to?

<p>Responding declines more rapidly in extinction when a large reinforcer is used (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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