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Questions and Answers
What is intermediary metabolism?
What is intermediary metabolism?
Intermediary metabolism refers to the set of metabolic pathways that occur in cells to convert nutrients into energy and building blocks necessary for growth and maintenance.
What is the concept of metabolic pathways?
What is the concept of metabolic pathways?
Metabolic pathways are series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell that lead to the conversion of substrates into products.
Anabolism and catabolism are the same.
Anabolism and catabolism are the same.
False
Why are metabolic pathways not considered closed systems?
Why are metabolic pathways not considered closed systems?
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How do several diseases arise from defects in metabolic pathways?
How do several diseases arise from defects in metabolic pathways?
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Which of the following assessments are included in the course structure? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following assessments are included in the course structure? (Select all that apply)
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What is the total percentage of the final written examination in the course assessment?
What is the total percentage of the final written examination in the course assessment?
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What is the effect of substrate concentration on catalysis?
What is the effect of substrate concentration on catalysis?
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How does temperature affect catalysis?
How does temperature affect catalysis?
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What primary organ deactivates and/or secretes xenobiotics?
What primary organ deactivates and/or secretes xenobiotics?
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Study Notes
Course Introduction and Objectives
- Students will learn about intermediary metabolism and metabolic pathways.
- Students will learn to differentiate between anabolism and catabolism.
- Students will learn why metabolic pathways are not closed systems.
- Students will use relevant examples to deduce common metabolic pathways in cells.
- Students will learn how defects in metabolic pathways cause disease.
Assessment
- Students will be assessed via three in-course tests (8% each), a written assignment (10%), laboratory assessments (16%), and a final written examination (50%).
Course Outline
- Lecture topics include an introduction to intermediary metabolism and bioenergetics, carbohydrates and glycobiology, carbohydrate biosynthesis (glycolysis and gluconeogenesis), the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid catabolism, lipid biosynthesis (protein and lipid metabolic pathways), amino acid oxidation, synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides, cancer cell metabolism, starvation and the metabolic limits of human performance.
Laboratory Exercises
- Laboratory exercises focus on understanding the effects of substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, pH, and temperature on enzyme activity.
- Other laboratory exercises focus on enzyme immobilization, starch detection (iodine test), and protein detection (Biuret test).
- Attendance to both lectures and laboratory sessions is compulsory.
Intermediary Metabolism
- Intermediary metabolism is the study of the chemical reactions that take place in living organisms.
- Reactions are catalyzed by enzymes.
- Intermediary metabolism is concerned with the synthesis and degradation of relatively small molecules.
Xenobiotics
- Xenobiotics are foreign chemicals or toxins.
- They may accumulate in the body via exposure to pollutants.
- The liver is the primary organ for xenobiotic detoxification and excretion.
Bioenergetics
- Bioenergetics is the study of how energy is used and transformed in biological systems.
- Cells use free energy to perform work.
- Energy transformations are carried out by metabolic pathways.
Free Energy
- Free energy is the energy available to do work.
- The Gibbs free energy (G) is a measure of free energy.
- The change in free energy (ΔG) indicates the direction of a reaction.
Principles of Bioenergetics
- Key state functions for the study of biological systems include entropy, enthalpy, and free energy.
- Entropy (S) is a measure of disorder.
- Enthalpy (H) is a measure of the total energy of a system.
- The change in free energy, enthalpy, and entropy are related by the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.
- A reaction is spontaneous if ΔG is negative.
Redox Potential
- Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons.
- Reduction is the gain of electrons.
- Oxidation is the loss of electrons.
- Redox potential (Eo) measures the tendency of a substance to gain or lose electrons.
Types of Bioenergetic Reactions
- Anabolic reactions: Require energy to build complex biomolecules from simpler ones.
- Catabolic reactions: Release energy by breaking down complex molecules.
- Amphibolic reactions: Can function both anabolically and catabolically.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- ATP is the primary energy currency of the cell.
- ATP hydrolysis releases energy.
- The phosphate groups of ATP are linked by high-energy bonds.
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Description
This quiz explores the foundational concepts of intermediary metabolism, focusing on metabolic pathways, anabolism, and catabolism. Students will identify examples and understand how defects in these pathways can lead to disease. Prepare to engage with key topics that form the basis of metabolic processes.
