Inter/Intramolecular Forces Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the ideal gas equation that interrelates volume, pressure, and absolute temperature?

  • PV = nRT (correct)
  • PV = g/MW
  • PV = R/T
  • PV = nRT^2

    • Which of the following correctly describes the behavior of gas molecules according to the kinetic molecular theory?

  • Gas molecules exist in a fixed position.
  • Gas molecules attract each other significantly.
  • Gas molecules have a consistent speed.
  • Gas molecules move with complete independence. (correct)

    • Which of these factors is NOT associated with the liquefaction of gases?

  • Temperature
  • Critical temperature
  • Pressure
  • Osmotic pressure (correct)

    • What is the main characteristic of vaporization?

    <p>Liquid changing to gas state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical temperature of water?

    <p>647 K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intermolecular force is significant in the liquid state?

    <p>Hydrogen bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to vapor pressure as temperature increases?

    <p>Vapor pressure increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a process that involves sublimation?

    <p>Iodine turning into vapor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the boiling point of a liquid as external pressure decreases?

    <p>The boiling point decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes surface tension?

    <p>The force per unit length that counters the inward pull at the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle behind the Du Noüy ring method for measuring surface tension?

    <p>The force needed to detach a ring from the surface relates to the tension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe surfactants or molecules that have an affinity for both polar and nonpolar solvents?

    <p>Amphiphiles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of adsorption at liquid interfaces, what is true about hydrophilic amphiphiles?

    <p>They have high HLB values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes physical or van der Waals adsorption?

    <p>Increased temperature will lead to desorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes interfacial tension?

    <p>The force per unit length at the interface of two immiscible liquids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of adsorption concerns the removal of odors or the operation of gas masks?

    <p>Gas-phase adsorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of intermolecular force is primarily associated with the attraction between polar molecules?

    <p>Dipole-dipole interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about van der Waals forces is correct?

    <p>They are critically dependent on the separation distance of molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of van der Waals force has the weakest energy of attraction?

    <p>Induced dipole – induced dipole interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy range of dipole-dipole interactions?

    <p>1 to 7 kcal/mole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs of forces describes the interaction between ions and polar molecules?

    <p>Ion-dipole and Dipole – induced dipole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of force is responsible for the liquefaction of gases?

    <p>Dipole – induced dipole interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is an example of a permanent dipole?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do attractive forces arise between dipolar molecules?

    <p>When the positive pole of one molecule is near the negative pole of another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines chemical adsorption compared to physical adsorption?

    <p>It involves primary chemical bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects the adsorption process by being inversely proportional to the extent of adsorption?

    <p>Solubility of the adsorbate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is NOT associated with solid/liquid adsorption?

    <p>Dialysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of flow is characterized by a constant viscosity despite the shear rates applied?

    <p>Newtonian flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an increase in temperature have on the adsorption process?

    <p>It decreases the amount adsorbed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT true about plastic flow in non-Newtonian fluids?

    <p>It exhibits constant viscosity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agent helps to stabilize gas-in-liquid dispersions?

    <p>Emulsifying agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit commonly used to measure viscosity?

    <p>Poise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of flow is characterized by an increase in viscosity with an increase in shear force?

    <p>Dilatant flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of pseudoplastic flow?

    <p>Viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines thixotropy in fluid systems?

    <p>Reversible sol-gel transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the rheological properties of liquids?

    <p>Molecular weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of structure, what distinguishes crystalline solids from amorphous solids?

    <p>Properties of crystalline solids are anisotropic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which crystal system does sodium chloride belong to?

    <p>Cubic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is polymorphism in solid substances?

    <p>Presence of multiple crystalline forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cocoa butter when heated to 35°C?

    <p>Nuclei of stable beta crystals are destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Inter/Intramolecular Forces

    • Intramolecular forces occur within a molecule, while intermolecular forces occur between molecules.
    • Intermolecular forces are responsible for the aggregation of molecules in gases, liquids, and solids.
    • Cohesion refers to the attraction of like molecules, while Adhesion refers to the attraction of unlike molecules
    • Repulsive forces arise when dipolar molecules get too close and their electron clouds interpenetrate.
    • Attractive forces arise when the positive pole of one dipolar molecule is close to the negative pole of another.
    • Van der Waals forces are weaker than covalent and ionic bonds and are important for solubility, complexation, and other physical bonding phenomena.
      • Dipole-dipole interaction (Keesom forces) occur between polar molecules.
      • Induced dipole-induced dipole interaction (London forces) involve a polar molecule inducing a temporary dipole in a nonpolar molecule.
      • Dipole-induced dipole interaction (Debye induction forces) are temporary forces arising from molecular vibrations in nonpolar molecules.

    States of Matter

    Gases

    • Gas molecules move rapidly and randomly.
    • Gas molecules exert pressure within a confined system.
    • The volume of a gas is the volume of its container.
    • Kinetic Molecular Theory explains gas behavior:
      • Gases are composed of particles called molecules.
      • Gas particles do not attract each other.
      • Gas particles exhibit continuous random motion due to kinetic energy.
      • Gas particles exhibit perfect elasticity.
    • The Ideal Gas Equation relates volume (V), pressure (P), and absolute temperature (T): PV = nRT
    • Pharmaceutical gases include:
      • Anesthetic gases (nitrous oxide, halothane)
      • Compressed gases (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide)
      • Liquefiable gases used in aerosol propellants
      • Ethylene oxide used for sterilization
    • Vaporization is the phase change from liquid to gas.
    • Sublimation is the direct transformation of a solid to a gas without passing through the liquid state.

    Liquefaction of Gases

    • Factors affecting gas to liquid transition:
      • Temperature: The critical temperature (CT) is the temperature above which a liquid cannot exist.
      • Pressure: The critical pressure (CP) is the pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature.

    Liquids

    • Intermolecular forces in liquids: Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding.
    • Physical Properties of Liquids:
      • Vapor Pressure: Increases with rising temperature.
      • Heat of Vaporization: Heat absorbed for liquid to vapor transformation.
      • Boiling Point: The temperature when vapor pressure equals external pressure.
      • Surface Tension: Force per unit length counteracting the inward pull of liquid molecules.
      • Flow Properties/Viscosity: Resistance to flow of adjacent layers of fluids.

    Surface Tension & Interfacial Tension

    • Surface Tension: The force per unit length required to counterbalance the inward pull of liquid molecules at the surface.
    • Interfacial Tension: Force per unit length at the interface of two immiscible liquids, reflecting the extent of intermolecular attraction/repulsion.

    Adsorption

    • Surfactants are molecules adsorbed at interfaces.
    • Amphiphiles have affinity for both polar and nonpolar solvents.
    • HLB system classifies surfactants based on their hydrophilic/lipophilic properties.
    • Adsorption at Solid Interfaces occurs from adjacent liquid or gas phases.
    • Adsorbent is the material used to adsorb.
    • Adsorbate is the substance being adsorbed.
    • Types of Adsorption:
      • Physical Adsorption (Van der Waals Adsorption) is reversible.
      • Chemical Adsorption is irreversible.

    Factors Affecting Adsorption

    • Solubility of the Adsorbate: Inversely proportional to the extent of adsorption.
    • pH: Adsorption increases as ionization of the drug is suppressed.
    • Nature of the Adsorbent: Proportional to the specific surface area.
    • Temperature: Increase in temperature decreases adsorption.

    Applications of Adsorption

    • Decolorizing Solutions
    • Adsorption Chromatography
    • Detergency: Removal of foreign matter from surfaces.
    • Wetting: Surfactants that lower the contact angle, aiding in displacing air with liquid.

    Rheology

    • Rheology: The study of flow properties of liquids and solids.
    • Viscosity: Resistance to flow of adjacent layers of fluids.

    Types of Flow

    • Newtonian Flow: Constant viscosity regardless of shear rate.
    • Non-Newtonian Flow: Viscosity varies with shear rate.
    • Plastic Flow ("Bingham bodies"): No flow until a threshold shearing stress is exceeded.
    • Dilatant Flow ("Shear Thickening System"): Viscosity increases with increasing shear force.
    • Pseudoplastic Flow ("Shear Thinning System"): Viscosity decreases with increasing shear force.
    • Thixotropy: Reversible sol-gel transformation.
    • Antithixotropy: Increased thickness or resistance to flow with time of shear.
    • Rheopexy: Solid forms a gel readily when gently shaken.

    Solids

    • Solids have stronger intermolecular attractions than liquids or gases.
    • Crystalline Solids: Fixed molecular order, distinct melting points, anisotropic properties.
    • Amorphous Solids: Random molecular arrangement, nondistinct melting points, isotropic properties.

    Crystal Systems

    • Cubic: Sodium chloride
    • Rhombic: Iodine
    • Tetragonal: Urea
    • Monoclinic: Sucrose
    • Hexagonal: Iodoform
    • Triclinic: Boric acid

    Polymorphism

    • The existence of a substance in more than one crystalline form.
    • Polymorphs can differ in melting point, X-ray diffraction patterns, and solubility.
    • Theobroma Oil: A polymorphous natural fat with four forms, each having a different melting point.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of intermolecular and intramolecular forces with this quiz. Explore concepts like cohesion, adhesion, and various types of interactions, including Van der Waals forces. Challenge yourself with questions that cover the impact of these forces on molecular behavior.

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