39 Questions
What is the primary function of mast cells in the body?
Inducing inflammation
Where are mast cells located in the body?
Close to a blood vessel in connective tissue
What happens when mast cells are activated?
They release their granular contents into the circulation
What is the relationship between mast cells and basophils?
They originate from different stem cells
Which type of response are mast cells especially important in?
Inflammatory response related to hypersensitivity and allergies
What is contained within mast cells' pre-formed granules?
Enzymes, proteoglycans, and proteases
Which plasma protein system component is responsible for activation of the kinin system?
Prekallekrein activator
What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory response?
Increasing vascular permeability
Which mediator is responsible for inducing bronchoconstriction and fever?
Prostaglandins
What is the major source of cell-derived mediators of inflammation?
Mast cells and epithelial cells
Which mediator plays a major role in the mediation of asthma and anaphylaxis?
Leukotrienes
What are arachidonic metabolites released from?
Phospholipids of the cell membrane
Which mediator is released mainly by mast cells, basophils, and platelets and promotes platelet aggregation?
Platelet Activating Factor
Where is histamine primarily found prior to its release during acute inflammation?
Well-perfused connective tissue
What is the consequence of histamine binding to H1 receptors on endothelial cells?
Vasodilation
Which mediator induces smooth muscle contraction, small blood vessel dilation, and increased vascular permeability?
Serotonin
What do cytokines and chemokines do in the inflammatory response?
Play a role in both acute and chronic inflammation and immunity
Which cell types produce cytokines and chemokines?
Macrophages and lymphocytes
What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the inflammatory response?
Causes smooth muscle relaxation
What is the function of oxygen-free radicals released by leukocytes?
Enhances endothelial adhesion
How does impaired production of nitric oxide (NO) affect inflammation?
Reduces leukocyte recruitment
What cell response is caused by high levels of oxygen-free radicals?
Endothelial adhesion
What is the primary role of cytokines and chemokines in inflammation?
Modulating inflammatory responses in target cells
Which type of cells release low levels of oxygen-free radicals?
Macrophages
What effect does blocking nitric oxide (NO) production have on leukocyte recruitment?
Increases recruitment
How do cytokines and chemokines affect the inflammatory response?
By regulating recruitment of leukocytes
What is the function of nitric oxide in the inflammatory response?
To antagonize platelet degranulation
Which plasma protein system is responsible for the release of eosinophil chemotactic factor-A (ECF-A) to attract eosinophils to the site of inflammation?
Kinin system
Which plasma protein system contributes to the inflammatory response by causing vasodilation, increasing vascular permeability, and enhancing activity of phagocytes?
Complement system
Which plasma protein system is activated by substances released during tissue destruction and infection, and enhances inflammation through the production of fibrinous network and other by-products?
Clotting system
Which plasma protein system is composed of 20 different proteins, labelled C1 through C9, and is capable of direct destruction of pathogens or can activate and work with other components of the inflammatory response?
Complement system
Which plasma protein system interacts closely with the clotting system and produces bradykinin which causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, and enhances leukocyte chemotaxis?
Kinin system
Which pathway of the complement cascade is activated by antibodies and requires at least two Ag-Ab complexes to initiate the cascade?
Classical pathway
Which pathway of the complement cascade is activated by bacterial carbohydrates and is similar to the classical pathway, but does not require antibodies?
Lectin pathway
Which pathway of the complement cascade is activated by gram-negative bacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides (endotoxins) and begins with activation of C3b?
Alternative pathway
Which factor becomes Xa in the clotting system, providing a link between the coagulation system and inflammation?
Factor Xa
Which enzyme activates prekallekrein in the kinin cascade?
Factor XIIa
Which kininogen-derived peptide causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, enhances leukocyte chemotaxis, and stimulates pain receptors?
Bradykinin
Which component causes rapid degranulation of mast cells, increasing the inflammatory response during the complement cascade?
C5a
Test your understanding of the interdependent relationship between the clotting cascade, fibrinolytic system, and kinin system in the plasma protein systems. Explore how Hageman Factor initiates these systems and activates various components within them.
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