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Questions and Answers
Which cells in the epidermis are primarily responsible for producing keratin?
Which cells in the epidermis are primarily responsible for producing keratin?
What is the main function of the Langerhans’ cells in the skin?
What is the main function of the Langerhans’ cells in the skin?
Which layer of the skin lies directly beneath the epidermis?
Which layer of the skin lies directly beneath the epidermis?
What type of connective tissue predominates in the reticular layer of the dermis?
What type of connective tissue predominates in the reticular layer of the dermis?
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Which sensory receptors are specifically located in the papillary layer of the dermis?
Which sensory receptors are specifically located in the papillary layer of the dermis?
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Which of the following structures is NOT found in the dermis?
Which of the following structures is NOT found in the dermis?
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What is the significance of the fingerlike projections called papillae in the dermis?
What is the significance of the fingerlike projections called papillae in the dermis?
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Which layer of the dermis contains the majority of blood vessels and lymph vessels?
Which layer of the dermis contains the majority of blood vessels and lymph vessels?
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What is the primary function of sebum?
What is the primary function of sebum?
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What causes acne in relation to sebaceous glands?
What causes acne in relation to sebaceous glands?
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What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?
What is the primary function of melanin in the skin?
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Which of the following correctly describes eccrine glands?
Which of the following correctly describes eccrine glands?
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What component primarily makes up sebum?
What component primarily makes up sebum?
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Which statement is true about the structure of hair?
Which statement is true about the structure of hair?
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What is the hypodermis primarily composed of?
What is the hypodermis primarily composed of?
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What role does scalp hair play?
What role does scalp hair play?
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What is one of the main functions of the integumentary system?
What is one of the main functions of the integumentary system?
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Which component is NOT a factor that determines skin color?
Which component is NOT a factor that determines skin color?
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How does sweat contribute to temperature regulation in the body?
How does sweat contribute to temperature regulation in the body?
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Where is sebum NOT found on the body?
Where is sebum NOT found on the body?
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What type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?
What type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?
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What is the main role of eyelashes and eyebrows?
What is the main role of eyelashes and eyebrows?
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How long does it take for the complete replacement of the epidermis?
How long does it take for the complete replacement of the epidermis?
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What type of glands are apocrine glands?
What type of glands are apocrine glands?
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What is the function of the hair cortex?
What is the function of the hair cortex?
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Which statement about sensory reception in the skin is correct?
Which statement about sensory reception in the skin is correct?
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Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for initiating keratinization?
Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for initiating keratinization?
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What is the primary purpose of sweat produced by eccrine glands?
What is the primary purpose of sweat produced by eccrine glands?
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What component of the stratum corneum helps keep the skin hydrated?
What component of the stratum corneum helps keep the skin hydrated?
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Which layer is directly beneath the stratum lucidum?
Which layer is directly beneath the stratum lucidum?
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Which layer of the epidermis is primarily made up of dead skin cells?
Which layer of the epidermis is primarily made up of dead skin cells?
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What is the primary role of the stratum granulosum?
What is the primary role of the stratum granulosum?
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What component of hair gives it color?
What component of hair gives it color?
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Where is the hair bulb located?
Where is the hair bulb located?
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What structure is responsible for the involuntary contraction that causes hair to stand erect?
What structure is responsible for the involuntary contraction that causes hair to stand erect?
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Which part of the nail is white due to the thick epithelium covering the capillaries underneath?
Which part of the nail is white due to the thick epithelium covering the capillaries underneath?
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Which is NOT a function of nails?
Which is NOT a function of nails?
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What is the nail matrix responsible for?
What is the nail matrix responsible for?
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Fingernails grow faster than toenails primarily due to which factor?
Fingernails grow faster than toenails primarily due to which factor?
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Which layer of the hair follicle is inner and epithelial?
Which layer of the hair follicle is inner and epithelial?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System Overview
- Comprises skin, hair, and nails, providing a protective covering for the body.
- Functions include:
- Protection against harmful microorganisms
- Regulation of body temperature
- Excretion of waste (e.g., urea)
- Synthesis of vitamin D3 through sunlight
- Reception of sensory stimuli (pain, pressure, temperature)
Skin Structure
- Largest organ, covering nearly 2m² with an average thickness of 2mm.
- Consists of three layers:
- Epidermis (outer layer)
- Dermis (middle layer)
- Hypodermis/Subcutaneous tissue (deepest layer)
Epidermis
- Composed of stratified squamous epithelium, providing protection from friction and water loss.
- Avascular, lacking blood vessels and nerve endings, allowing for dead skin to rub off without bleeding.
- Replaces itself approximately every month.
- Contains five strata (layers):
- Stratum Corneum: Outermost, dead and keratinized, provides hydration and elasticity.
- Stratum Lucidum: Thin, clear layer found in thick skin, aids in keratin production and UV protection.
- Stratum Granulosum: Contains keratohyaline granules, involved in keratinization.
- Stratum Spinosum: Thickest layer, contains keratinocytes joined by desmosomes.
- Stratum Basale: Single layer of cells responsible for generating new cells; includes melanocytes and tactile cells.
Epidermal Cells
- Keratinocytes: Produce keratin, giving strength and waterproof properties.
- Melanocytes: Produce melanin, determining skin color and protecting against UV rays.
- Merkel Cells: Involved in light touch and pressure sensation.
- Langerhans Cells: Function in immune response.
Dermis
- Located beneath the epidermis and composed of connective tissue (collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers).
- Contains hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, and nerve endings.
- Two layers:
- Papillary Layer: Contains loose connective tissue and capillaries, provides nourishment to the epidermis, and contains touch receptors (Meissner’s corpuscles).
- Reticular Layer: Thicker, comprising dense irregular connective tissue with sensory receptors for deep pressure (Pacinian corpuscles), blood vessels, and glands.
Hypodermis
- Also known as subcutaneous layer, composed of loose connective and adipose tissue.
- Rich in lymphatic and blood vessels, houses sweat glands and follicle bases.
- Contains the arrector pili muscle, responsible for hair standing upright.
Skin Functions
- Protection: Shields against microorganisms and prevents fluid loss.
- Temperature Regulation: Involves sweat secretion for cooling.
- Excretion: Removes waste products (small amounts).
- Synthesis: UV light helps synthesize vitamin D for calcium absorption.
- Sensory Reception: Contains receptors for heat, cold, pressure, and pain.
Skin Color Determinants
- Influenced by melanin production, carotene accumulation, and blood circulation.
- Melanin functions to filter excessive UV radiation.
- Variations based on genetics; individuals unable to produce melanin are referred to as albino.
Skin Glands
-
Sudoriferous (Sweat) Glands: Composed of epithelial cells, aiding in thermoregulation.
- Eccrine Glands: Located throughout the body, secreting a clear, watery fluid.
- Apocrine Glands: Found in specific areas, become active at puberty, and secrete sweat in response to stress or sexual arousal.
- Sebaceous (Oil) Glands: Connected to hair follicles, secrete sebum for lubrication and protection against bacteria and fungi.
Hair Structure and Function
- Composed of keratinized cells, serves mainly for protection and sensory function.
- Comprised of shaft (above skin) and root (below skin), with three layers: medulla, cortex, and cuticle.
- Hair follicles facilitate hair growth; contraction of arrector pili muscles causes hair to stand up.
Nails
- Made of hard keratin; appear pink due to underlying vascular tissue.
- Parts include lunula (base), nail body (exposed part), root (beneath skin), and hyponychium (under the nail tip).
- Functions include protection, grasping objects, and scratching.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of the integumentary system, including the structure of the skin and its general functions. Students will explore the features of the epidermis and how the integumentary system contributes to body temperature regulation. The quiz also addresses the roles of skin's accessory structures.
