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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the eccrine sweat glands?
Which structure is NOT a part of the integumentary system?
What characteristic is associated with apocrine sweat glands?
Which function is NOT part of the integumentary system?
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What can changes in the color or condition of nails indicate?
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What is a possible sign of arterial insufficiency when inspecting skin color?
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Which type of skin reaction can certain allergens lead to?
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What dietary component is crucial for maintaining healthy skin, hair, and nails?
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What does peripheral cyanosis indicate?
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What skin condition is characterized by a butterfly rash across the bridge of the nose and cheeks?
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What is a common consequence of improper nail cutting techniques?
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What might be indicated by a dusky blue color in the perioral region of the skin?
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Which daily health routine practice is recommended for skin care?
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What does the presence of rough, dry, and flaky skin suggest about a person's health condition?
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Which condition is characterized by total loss of pigmentation?
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What type of lesion arises from normal skin due to irritation or disease?
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What is indicated by small, flat macules of brown melanin pigment on sun-exposed skin?
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What condition may cause a bluish skin tone due to bleeding or increased venous pressure?
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What does an intact skin integrity without redness imply?
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What is carotenemia characterized by?
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What does the presence of firm and intact skin suggest?
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What is a nodule?
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What distinguishes a bulla from a vesicle?
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Which of the following describes a pustule?
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What is an ulcer characterized by?
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Which lesion is characterized by thickened epidermal cells that flake off?
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What is a hematoma?
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Which of the following describes petechiae?
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What does atrophy refer to in skin lesions?
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What condition is suggested by the presence of clammy skin?
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What does a rapid return of skin turgor indicate?
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What does unilateral edema typically suggest?
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What can cause generalized hair loss?
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What can excessive scaliness of the scalp indicate?
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Which condition is characterized by brittle hair?
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What condition does Beau's lines in the nails indicate?
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What is a common reason for increased oiliness of hair?
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What might the presence of nits/lice suggest?
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What does a clean and manicured appearance of nails indicate?
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What does lack of genital hair in a puberty-aged individual suggest?
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What does a warm and equal temperature bilaterally suggest?
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What skin condition might generalized anhidrosis indicate?
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The presence of longitudinal ridging in nails can indicate which condition?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System Structure
- Skin Layers: Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous tissue.
- Epidermal Appendages: Hair, Nails.
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Skin Glands:
- Sweat Glands: Eccrine (dilute saline solution; widely distributed) and Apocrine (musky odor; axillary and genital areas).
- Sebaceous Glands: Produce sebum (oily secretion).
Integumentary System Functions
- Protection.
- Identification (color, fingerprints).
- Sensory reception.
- Thermoregulation.
- Water, fat, and vitamin D storage.
- Wound repair.
- Facilitation of joint movement.
- Excretion.
Skin Assessment: History Questions
- Current Symptoms: Rashes, lesions, dryness, drainage, swelling, increased pigmentation, birthmarks, tattoos (changes in color, size, shape).
- Sensory Changes: Changes in pain sensation.
- Hair Loss: Patchy hair loss may indicate infections or stress.
- Nail Changes: Nail changes can signal systemic disorders.
- Past History: Previous skin, hair problems, allergic reactions (food, medication, plants).
- Family History: Family history of skin problems.
- Lifestyle and Health Practices: Sunbathing habits, daily skin/hair/nail care routine, products used, nail-cutting techniques, diet.
Skin Inspection: Color
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Evenly Colored: Pink, brown, black. Variations indicate issues:
- Pallor: Yellowish/white (arterial insufficiency, anemia). Darker skin may appear yellowish-brown/gray.
- Cyanosis: Dusky blue (cardiopulmonary problems - central cyanosis; local vasoconstriction - peripheral cyanosis).
- Jaundice: Yellow to green (sclera, mucosa, thin skin).
- Rashes: Reddish (light skin) or darker (dark skin). Butterfly rash across the nose and cheeks is characteristic of discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE).
- Erythema: Intense redness and warmth (inflammation, allergy, trauma). Dark skin may show as purplish.
- Vitiligo: Patchy depigmentation.
- Albinism: Total loss of pigmentation.
- Ecchymosis: Bruise (large patch of capillary bleeding).
- Carotenemia: Yellow-orange.
Skin Inspection: Other Aspects
- Hygiene: Clean vs. dirty/smelly.
- Integrity: Intact vs. broken down (reddened areas progressing to pressure ulcers).
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Lesions: Smooth, without lesions vs. lesions (primary, secondary, vascular). Note presence of:
- Freckles: Small, flat brown macules.
- Nevi (moles): Proliferation of melanocytes, tan to brown.
Skin Palpation: Texture, Thickness, Moisture, Temperature, Mobility
- Texture: Smooth/intact vs. rough, dry, flaky (hypothyroidism, psoriasis), velvet (hyperthyroidism).
- Thickness: Uniformly thin vs. calluses, thickened (constant pressure), very thin (arterial insufficiency, steroid therapy).
- Moisture: Dry, moderate perspiration vs. increased moisture (diaphoresis; anxiety, fever, hyperthyroidism), decreased moisture (dehydration, hypothyroidism), clammy (shock, hypotension).
- Temperature: Warm and equal bilaterally vs. hyperthermia (localized or generalized; inflammation, infection, trauma, sunburn, febrile state, hyperthyroidism) or hypothermia (localized or generalized; shock, hypotension, peripheral arterial insufficiency, Raynaud's disease).
- Mobility/Turgor: Moderately mobile, normal turgor (returns to shape in <30 seconds) vs. decreased mobility (edema), poor turgor (dehydration, weight loss).
- Edema: Skin rebounds, no indentation vs. unilateral (local/peripheral cause), bilateral (central problem; heart failure, kidney failure).
Scalp and Hair Assessment: Observation and Palpation
- Scalp Color: Clean, dry vs. gray (reduced melanin), dry (Africans), dull (hypothyroidism).
- Hair Distribution: Coarse terminal hair, fine vellus hair vs. generalized hair loss (infections, nutritional deficiencies, hormonal disorders, liver/thyroid disease, drug toxicity), hirsutism (females), absent/abnormal genital hair (endocrine abnormalities), alopecia.
- Hair Palpation: Pliant, smooth vs. brittle, fine/thick, excessive oiliness.
- Scalp Lesions: Clean vs. seborrhea (dandruff), excessive scaliness (dermatitis), raised lesions (infections, tumors), pediculosis (lice), folliculitis, tinea capitis.
Nail Assessment
- Grooming/Cleanliness: Clean, manicured vs. dirty, broken, jagged.
- Color/Markings: Clear/pink vs. pale/cyanotic (hypoxia, anemia), yellow (fungal infection), splinter hemorrhage (trauma, endocarditis), Beau's lines (transverse depressions).
Skin Lesions: Types and Descriptions
- Nodule: Solid mass extending deep into dermis.
- Tumor: Solid mass larger than a nodule.
- Wheal: Reddened, flat, localized fluid collection.
- Vesicle: Circumscribed elevation containing serous fluid or blood (<0.5 cm).
- Bulla: Large serous fluid-filled vesicle (>1 cm).
- Cyst: Encapsulated fluid-filled mass.
- Pustule: Vesicle or bulla filled with pus.
- Erosion: Loss of epidermis; moist, but not bleeding.
- Ulcer: Deeper loss of skin surface; may bleed and scar.
- Fissure: Linear crack in the skin.
- Scale: Thickened epidermal cells that flake off.
- Crust: Dried residue of serum, pus, or blood.
- Atrophy: Decrease in epidermis volume.
- Scar: Connective tissue replacing destroyed tissue.
Vascular Skin Lesions
- Petechiae: Round red or purple macules (<2 mm); bleeding tendencies.
- Ecchymosis: Round or irregular macular lesion (>2 mm); blood extravasation (trauma); color changes.
- Hematoma: Localized collection of blood creating elevated ecchymosis.
- Spider Angioma: Red arteriole lesion with central body and radiating branches.
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Description
Explore the essential components and functions of the integumentary system, including skin layers, appendages, and glands. This quiz also covers skin assessment techniques and history questions to evaluate skin health. Test your knowledge on the protective, sensory, and regulatory roles of the skin.
