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Questions and Answers
Which function of the integumentary system helps maintain a stable internal body temperature?
Which function of the integumentary system helps maintain a stable internal body temperature?
What type of substances can penetrate the skin due to its physical barriers?
What type of substances can penetrate the skin due to its physical barriers?
The primary function of keratin in the integumentary system is to?
The primary function of keratin in the integumentary system is to?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
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Which property of glycolipids contributes to the function of the integumentary system?
Which property of glycolipids contributes to the function of the integumentary system?
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Which receptors in the skin are primarily responsible for detecting light touch?
Which receptors in the skin are primarily responsible for detecting light touch?
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What is the approximate number of pain receptors in each square centimeter of skin?
What is the approximate number of pain receptors in each square centimeter of skin?
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At what skin temperature is cold sensation most stimulated?
At what skin temperature is cold sensation most stimulated?
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Which receptors are sensitive to pressure and vibration changes deep in the skin?
Which receptors are sensitive to pressure and vibration changes deep in the skin?
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What initiates the perception of hot sensations in the skin?
What initiates the perception of hot sensations in the skin?
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What is the average duration of the Anagen phase for hair growth?
What is the average duration of the Anagen phase for hair growth?
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During which phase does the hair follicle shrink to about 1/6 of its normal length?
During which phase does the hair follicle shrink to about 1/6 of its normal length?
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What percentage of hairs are typically in the Telogen phase at any given time?
What percentage of hairs are typically in the Telogen phase at any given time?
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What is primarily responsible for the maximum length of hair?
What is primarily responsible for the maximum length of hair?
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What significant change occurs in the hair shaft at the end of the Telogen phase?
What significant change occurs in the hair shaft at the end of the Telogen phase?
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What is the primary composition of the papillary layer of the dermis?
What is the primary composition of the papillary layer of the dermis?
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How is the growth phase duration determined for different hair follicles on the body?
How is the growth phase duration determined for different hair follicles on the body?
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Which structures are found in the reticular layer of the dermis?
Which structures are found in the reticular layer of the dermis?
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Which of the following factors does not affect the rate of hair growth?
Which of the following factors does not affect the rate of hair growth?
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What is the main function of the dermal papilla during the Telogen phase?
What is the main function of the dermal papilla during the Telogen phase?
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What role does the hypodermis serve in relation to the skin?
What role does the hypodermis serve in relation to the skin?
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How does the appearance of skin change with little melanin or carotene?
How does the appearance of skin change with little melanin or carotene?
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What causes cyanosis in skin appearance?
What causes cyanosis in skin appearance?
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In which situation would jaundice likely occur?
In which situation would jaundice likely occur?
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What enzyme is important for melanin production that some individuals lack due to albinism?
What enzyme is important for melanin production that some individuals lack due to albinism?
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Why are infants and elderly individuals more sensitive to cold?
Why are infants and elderly individuals more sensitive to cold?
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What indicates the engorgement of capillaries in the dermis?
What indicates the engorgement of capillaries in the dermis?
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Which skin color pigment is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine?
Which skin color pigment is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine?
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Which condition is characterized by paleness of the skin?
Which condition is characterized by paleness of the skin?
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What is primarily responsible for the genetic aspects of skin color variation?
What is primarily responsible for the genetic aspects of skin color variation?
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Which type of melanin is predominantly found in dark-skinned individuals?
Which type of melanin is predominantly found in dark-skinned individuals?
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What is the primary cause of freckles on the skin?
What is the primary cause of freckles on the skin?
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Which factor increases enzymatic activity in melanosomes, leading to more melanin production?
Which factor increases enzymatic activity in melanosomes, leading to more melanin production?
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What type of skin condition results from overexposure to ultraviolet light?
What type of skin condition results from overexposure to ultraviolet light?
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What is carotene primarily known for in the skin?
What is carotene primarily known for in the skin?
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Which skin marking is characterized by tightly bound skin surfaces at flexor areas?
Which skin marking is characterized by tightly bound skin surfaces at flexor areas?
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What happens to the production of Vitamin D3 as a person ages?
What happens to the production of Vitamin D3 as a person ages?
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Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the visible effects of aging on the skin?
Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the visible effects of aging on the skin?
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What is the significance of friction ridges on fingertips?
What is the significance of friction ridges on fingertips?
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How does the aging process affect hair follicles?
How does the aging process affect hair follicles?
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What happens to skin elasticity as a person ages?
What happens to skin elasticity as a person ages?
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Which skin markings are flat melanized patches that vary with heredity or sun exposure?
Which skin markings are flat melanized patches that vary with heredity or sun exposure?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System - Skin
- The integumentary system includes skin, hair, nails, subcutaneous tissue, and glands.
- The skin acts as a physical barrier, protecting against injury and infection.
- Waterproofing properties of keratinized cells and glycolipids prevent water loss.
- Keratin helps prevent bacterial penetration.
- Glycolipids prevent diffusion of water and water-soluble substances between cells.
- Substances able to penetrate the skin include: lipid-soluble substances (e.g., oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids, fat-soluble vitamins); oleoresins of certain plants (e.g., poison ivy); organic solvents (e.g., acetone); salts of heavy metals (e.g., lead, mercury); and topical medications.
- Skin secretions (sebum, defensins, acid mantle) impede bacteria growth.
- Melanin protects against UV damage.
Skin Functions
- Protection: Mechanical, chemical, biological barriers
- Regulation of body temperature: sweating and blood vessel constriction.
- Sensory perception: touch, pressure, temperature, pain
- Regulation of water loss: waterproof barrier and sweating.
- Chemical synthesis: Vitamin D production (using UV light) and conversion of other substances.
Skin Layers
- Epidermis (outermost layer):
- Keratinocytes (90%): Provide a waterproof barrier.
- Melanocytes (8%): Produce melanin, contributing to skin color.
- Langerhans cells: Immune response.
- Merkel cells: Touch sensation.
- Dermis (middle layer):
- Connective tissue (collagen and elastin fibers): Strength and flexibility.
- Blood vessels, nerves, glands, hair follicles.
- Papillary layer (superficial): Highly vascularized, Sensory receptors (touch, pressure, temperature).
- Reticular layer (deeper): Dense irregular connective tissue; Hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands.
- Hypodermis (subcutaneous):
- Connective tissues (adipose tissue, blood vessels): Insulation and cushioning.
Types of Skin
- Thin skin: Covers most parts of the body, contains hair follicles and fewer sweat glands than thick skin.
- Thick skin: Found on palms of hands and soles of feet, lacks hair follicles and contains more sweat glands.
Skin Structures
- Hair:
- Shaft (projects from skin surface), root (penetrates dermis), cuticle (outer layer), cortex (middle layer), medulla (inner layer). Hair grows in cycles.
- Nails: Keratinized epidermal cells forming a protective plate over the tips of the digits.
- Glands:
- Sudoriferous (sweat) glands: Eccrine (cooling), apocrine (stimulated during emotional stress); Sebaceous (oil) glands: Secrete sebum. Ceruminous glands: produce earwax.
Skin Pigments
- Melanin: Gives skin color, determined by the number and activity of melanocytes.
- Carotene: Yellow-orange pigment from certain foods;
- Hemoglobin: Oxygen-carrying pigment in red blood cells. (Causes redness of skin)
- Environmental factors and genetics influence skin color.
Skin Markings and Receptors
- Friction ridges: Fingerprints and toe prints, increase grip.
- Skin receptors: Meissner's corpuscles (light touch), Pacinian corpuscles (pressure and vibration), pain receptors, thermoreceptors (heat and cold).
Skin Cancer
- Abnormal growth of skin cells.
- Types: Basal cell carcinoma (most common), squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma.
- Risk factors: Exposure to UV radiation, family history, weakened immune system.
- Early detection is essential.
Skin Disorders
- Allergis , Burns, Infections, Age-related changes etc
Skin Diseases
- Psoriasis, Vitiligo.
Types of Membranes
- Cutaneous: Skin
- Mucous: Line cavities that open to the exterior(e.g., respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts)
- Serous: Line closed body cavities (e.g., pleural, pericardial, peritoneal cavities)
- Synovial: Line freely movable joint cavities
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Description
Test your knowledge on the integumentary system, focusing on the functions and properties of skin. This quiz covers topics such as skin protection, sensory perception, and temperature regulation. Discover how the integumentary system plays a crucial role in overall health.
