Podcast
Questions and Answers
What produces the structural color in birds, particularly in peacocks?
What produces the structural color in birds, particularly in peacocks?
What is the principal outer covering for invertebrates?
What is the principal outer covering for invertebrates?
What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
What is the primary function of the integumentary system?
Which layer of the skin is primarily composed of stratified squamous epithelium?
Which layer of the skin is primarily composed of stratified squamous epithelium?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of cells in the skin are responsible for producing melanin?
What type of cells in the skin are responsible for producing melanin?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the integumentary system aid in thermoregulation when it is hot?
How does the integumentary system aid in thermoregulation when it is hot?
Signup and view all the answers
In vertebrates, what is the role of the hypodermis?
In vertebrates, what is the role of the hypodermis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of sebaceous glands in the integumentary system?
What is the role of sebaceous glands in the integumentary system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component of the skin is responsible for the generation of hair and feathers?
Which component of the skin is responsible for the generation of hair and feathers?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of tissue primarily makes up the dermis layer of the skin?
What type of tissue primarily makes up the dermis layer of the skin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which layer of the skin primarily prevents the entry of pathogens?
Which layer of the skin primarily prevents the entry of pathogens?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to sweat glands when the outside environment is cold?
What happens to sweat glands when the outside environment is cold?
Signup and view all the answers
What is NOT a derivative of the epidermis?
What is NOT a derivative of the epidermis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is true about the integuments of arthropods compared to other invertebrates?
What is true about the integuments of arthropods compared to other invertebrates?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the protective function of melanin?
What is the protective function of melanin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the integument?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the integument?
Signup and view all the answers
Why are proper levels of calcium ions important in the body?
Why are proper levels of calcium ions important in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does osteocalcin play in the body?
What role does osteocalcin play in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of yellow bone marrow?
What is the main purpose of yellow bone marrow?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of skeleton is characterized by being external and non-living tissue?
Which type of skeleton is characterized by being external and non-living tissue?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of skeleton grows with the animal?
What type of skeleton grows with the animal?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the composition of cartilage?
What is the composition of cartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an endoskeleton?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an endoskeleton?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure is primarily responsible for storing iron for hemoglobin formation?
Which structure is primarily responsible for storing iron for hemoglobin formation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone homeostasis?
What is the primary function of osteoclasts in bone homeostasis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of a long bone is primarily made up of compact bone?
Which part of a long bone is primarily made up of compact bone?
Signup and view all the answers
What is contained within the medullary cavity of long bones?
What is contained within the medullary cavity of long bones?
Signup and view all the answers
Where is red marrow predominantly found in the body?
Where is red marrow predominantly found in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the epiphyseal disk in long bones?
What is the role of the epiphyseal disk in long bones?
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement accurately describes the axial skeleton?
Which statement accurately describes the axial skeleton?
Signup and view all the answers
Which component is part of the appendicular skeleton?
Which component is part of the appendicular skeleton?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary characteristic of articular cartilage?
What is the primary characteristic of articular cartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of joint allows the torso to bend forward, backward, sideways, and rotate?
What type of joint allows the torso to bend forward, backward, sideways, and rotate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which joint is specifically responsible for movement in the wrist bones?
Which joint is specifically responsible for movement in the wrist bones?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the function of the gliding joint?
Which of the following best describes the function of the gliding joint?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following joints is not involved in the flexibility of the torso?
Which of the following joints is not involved in the flexibility of the torso?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one characteristic of the radial-carpal joint?
What is one characteristic of the radial-carpal joint?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of movement is least associated with gliding joints?
Which type of movement is least associated with gliding joints?
Signup and view all the answers
Which anatomical location primarily utilizes gliding joints?
Which anatomical location primarily utilizes gliding joints?
Signup and view all the answers
What kind of surface interaction occurs in gliding joints?
What kind of surface interaction occurs in gliding joints?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs during the contraction period of a muscle?
What occurs during the contraction period of a muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of muscle fatigue?
What is the primary cause of muscle fatigue?
Signup and view all the answers
How long does the relaxation period of muscle contraction last?
How long does the relaxation period of muscle contraction last?
Signup and view all the answers
What defines tetanus in muscle physiology?
What defines tetanus in muscle physiology?
Signup and view all the answers
What is tonus in muscle physiology?
What is tonus in muscle physiology?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens when tetanic contraction is maintained for too long?
What happens when tetanic contraction is maintained for too long?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following best describes the liberation of energy during muscle contraction?
Which of the following best describes the liberation of energy during muscle contraction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the duration of the contraction phase in muscle activity?
What is the duration of the contraction phase in muscle activity?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Integumentary System
- The integumentary system is the outer covering of the body, including skin, hair, claws, feathers, scales, glands, nerves, etc.
- Its primary function is to protect the body from the external environment.
- The skin is composed of several layers of cells, which prevent pathogens from entering the body.
- Melanocytes produce melanin, a pigment that protects the skin from ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
- Sebaceous glands produce sebum, an oily substance that forms a protective membrane on the skin.
- Sweat glands regulate body temperature through sweating.
- Sweating also excretes excess water and salts.
- Sensory receptors in the skin detect touch, pressure, heat, and cold.
- The skin plays a role in thermoregulation, excretion, and sensation.
Synthesis of Vitamin D
- The skin synthesizes vitamin D when exposed to UV radiation.
- Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is converted to calcidiol by the liver.
- Calcidiol is converted to calcitriol by the kidneys.
- Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D.
Respiratory Functions
- Some animals use cutaneous respiration (skin breathing) for gas exchange.
- This occurs through the skin's moist surface.
- This is particularly common in amphibians.
Reproductive Functions
- In some animals, the integument plays a role in courtship and reproduction.
- Brightly colored feathers or plumage, for example, may be used to attract mates.
Defence Mechanisms
- Camouflage, mimicry, and countershading are anti-predator adaptations.
- Camouflage allows animals to blend in with their surroundings.
- Mimicry involves mimicking the appearance of a harmful species.
- Countershading involves darker coloration on the dorsal (top) side and lighter coloration on the ventral (bottom) side.
Integument of Different Organisms
- Unicellular organisms have a plasma membrane as their outer covering.
- Invertebrates have an epidermis as their outer covering.
- Mammals have a complex layered skin consisting of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
- Vertebrates have skin as an outer covering.
- Skin thickness varies.
Layers of the Skin
-
Epidermis:
- Outermost layer made of stratified squamous epithelium.
- Keratinized cells.
- Gives rise to hair, nails, and other integumentary structures.
-
Dermis:
- Dense connective tissue.
- Contains blood vessels, nerves, and glands (sweat and sebaceous glands).
-
Hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue):
- Loose connective tissue.
- Connects the skin to underlying tissues.
- Stores fat for insulation and energy.
Layers of Epidermis
- Stratum basale: Basal layer dividing cells.
- Stratum spinosum: Spiny layer of cells actively dividing.
- Stratum granulosum: Keratinization begins here.
- Stratum lucidum: Found in thick skin only.
- Stratum corneum: Thickest layer, composed of dead, keratinized cells.
Types of Bone (according to shape)
- Long bones: Used as levers, long bones are found in the limbs. Ex, femurs and tibias
- Short bones: Roughly cubed-shaped, found in the wrist and ankles. Ex, carpals
- Flat bones: Designed for protection and muscle attachment. Ex, ribs and skull bones
- Sesamoid bones: Small, round bones embedded in tendons. Ex, patella (knee cap)
- Irregular bones: Variety of shapes, found in vertebrae of spine and some facial bones.
Gross Structure of Long Bone
- Shaft (diaphysis): Made mainly of compact bone. Contains a medullary cavity with bone marrow.
- Epiphyses: Ends of the bone, which are mostly spongy bone.
- Epiphyseal plate (disc): Cartilage that allows the bone to grow in length. Closes of in adulthood.
- Periosteum: Outer covering of the bone that helps provide protection, nutrition and attachments points for muscles.
- Articular cartilage: Covers the joint surfaces to reduce friction.
Axial Skeleton
- Skull: Forms a protective casing around the brain. Composed of cranium and facial bones
- Vertebral column: Supports the body and protects the spinal cord.
- Rib cage: Composed of ribs and sternum, protects the organs in the chest cavity.
Appendicular Skeleton
- Pectoral girdle: Supports the upper limb. (clavicle and scapula)
- Upper limbs: Composed of humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
- Pelvic girdle: Supports the lower limbs. Composed of illium, ischium, pubis
- Lower limbs: Composed of femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
Types of Diarthroses Joints
- Ball and socket joints: Allow for movement in all directions (hip and shoulder joints).
- Saddle joints: Allow for movement back and forth and side-to-side (base of thumb).
- Hinge joints: Allow for movement in one plane (knees and elbows).
- Pivot joints: Allow for rotation around an axis (between the first and second vertebrae).
- Gliding joints: Allow for sliding movement between flat surfaces (wrist and ankle).
- Condyloid joints: Allow for movement without rotation, like in the jaw or finger joints.
Muscular System
- Muscles are composed of muscle fibers.
- Primary function is contractility and movement.
- Includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
- Muscles are responsible for posture, joint stability, and heat production.
- Skeletal muscles are responsible for movement.
Kinds of Animal Movement
- Amoeboid movement: Cellular extension (pseudopodia), common in amoebas.
- Ciliary movement: Performed by cilia, movement of small structures of some animals, particularly those in water.
- Muscular movement: Contraction of muscles drives movement in many animals, including humans and vertebrates.
Sliding Filament Theory
- A theory explaining how muscles contract.
- Sliding of actin filaments over myosin filaments.
- Energy (ATP) is required for the process.
Phases of Muscle Contraction
- Latent period: Time between stimulation and the start of contraction.
- Contraction period: Time during which tension increases to a peak.
- Relaxation period: Time during which tension decreases to the resting level.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the integumentary system and its roles in various organisms. This quiz covers topics related to skin structure, functions, and adaptations in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Dive in to see how well you understand this vital biological system!
