Integumentary System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary component of the epidermis?

  • Melanocytes
  • Fibroblasts
  • Keratinocytes (correct)
  • Adipocytes

Which layer of skin is composed mainly of loose connective and fatty tissues?

  • Hypodermis (correct)
  • Dermis
  • Epidermis
  • Stratum granulosum

What is the function of the stratum granulosum in the epidermis?

  • Regulating skin pigmentation
  • Initiating keratin formation
  • Providing a waterproof barrier (correct)
  • Producing oil and sweat

How do keratinocytes contribute to wound healing?

<p>By migrating to fill the gap (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of melanocytes in the epidermis?

<p>Producing melanin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin contains hair follicles and sweat glands?

<p>Dermis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the variation in skin color among individuals?

<p>Genetic factors and melanin production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by lighter patches of skin due to depigmentation?

<p>Vitiligo (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis is primarily involved in the formation of a barrier against environmental damage?

<p>Stratum corneum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of keratin produced by keratinocytes?

<p>To provide skin rigidity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does hair grow from in the skin?

<p>Hair follicle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are moles primarily composed of?

<p>Melanocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the visible part of the hair called?

<p>Hair shaft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure contains actively dividing cells for hair growth?

<p>Hair bulb (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What descriptive feature characterizes the nail body?

<p>Consists of dense, dead keratinocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the nail bed is true?

<p>It protects high-stress areas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemidesmosomes in skin?

<p>To connect cells to the basal lamina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is responsible for producing melanin in the skin?

<p>Melanocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the stratum spinosum in the epidermis?

<p>It houses abundant dendritic cells for immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the stratum granulosum?

<p>It contains 3-5 layers of changing keratinocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which epidermal layer is classified as the outermost layer?

<p>Stratum Corneum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take for keratinocytes to reach the stratum corneum and remain there?

<p>7-10 days, staying for two weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do glycolipids play in the epidermis?

<p>They offer waterproofing protection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural relationship between the dermis and hypodermis?

<p>The dermis lies beneath the epidermis and above the hypodermis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the superior rectus muscle in the eye?

<p>Moves the eye upward (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the eye is responsible for producing tears?

<p>Lacrimal gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the pressure of the aqueous humor inside the eye?

<p>Intraocular pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathway of light through the eye, starting from the cornea?

<p>Cornea → aqueous humor → pupil → lens → vitreous humor → retina (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a protective feature of the eyes?

<p>Cornea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of eccrine sweat glands?

<p>Maintain body temperature through sweat secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about apocrine glands is true?

<p>They can be found in areas with dense hair such as armpits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of acne in relation to sebaceous glands?

<p>Inflammatory response to bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do sebaceous glands play in skin health?

<p>They provide hydration by releasing sebum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do eccrine glands contribute to body temperature regulation during exercise?

<p>By releasing water that evaporates to cool the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen during low temperatures regarding the dermal blood vessels?

<p>They constrict to minimize heat loss. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?

<p>Eccrine glands secrete a watery fluid, while apocrine glands secrete a thicker fluid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of thermoregulation through sweating?

<p>To cool the body during overheating. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following taste qualities is NOT recognized as a basic taste?

<p>Savory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of gustatory cells in taste perception?

<p>Respond to food chemicals and release neurotransmitters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are olfactory receptor neurons located?

<p>In the nasal cavity's olfactory epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the ear helps to equalize air pressure?

<p>Eustachian tube (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the outer ear structure primarily consist of?

<p>Auricle and tympanic membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neural signals processing hub receives signals from olfactory neurons?

<p>Olfactory bulb (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which spechific part links smells to memories and emotions?

<p>Limbic system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do proteins on olfactory dendrites play in the process of smell?

<p>Bind odorant molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epidermis Layer

The outermost layer of the skin, composed of closely packed epithelial cells (keratinocytes).

Keratinocytes

The primary cell type in the epidermis, forming a barrier against environmental damage.

Stratum Basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis, containing rapidly dividing cells.

Stratum Corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis, made of dead skin cells.

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Stratum Granulosum

Layer in epidermis providing a water barrier.

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Dermis Layer

Layer below the epidermis, containing blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

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Integumentary System

The organ system that includes skin, hair, and nails.

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Stratum Lucidum

Thin layer of the epidermis found only in thick skin areas (e.g., palms and soles).

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Stratum Spinosum

Part of the epidermis, containing 8-10 layers of keratinocytes connected by desmosomes and pre-keratin microfilaments.

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Dendritic Cells

Specialized immune cells in the stratum spinosum that defend against pathogens and skin cancers.

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Hemidesmosomes

Structures that connect keratinocytes to the basal lamina, separating epidermis from dermis.

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Melanocytes

10-25% of cells in the stratum basale, producing melanin which determines skin color.

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Pink nail bed

The pink appearance of the nail bed is due to its rich blood supply, indicating good circulation.

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Sweat glands

Sweat glands, also called sudoriferous glands, are responsible for producing sweat, which helps cool the body.

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Eccrine sweat glands

Eccrine sweat glands are found all over the body and play a major role in thermoregulation by releasing mainly water, salt, and other substances.

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Apocrine sweat glands

Apocrine sweat glands are located in hairy areas like armpits and genital regions. Their sweat contains organic compounds, leading to a thicker consistency and potential odor.

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Sebaceous glands

Sebaceous glands are oil glands found all over the body. They produce sebum, a mixture of lipids, which helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair.

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Acne

Acne is primarily a sebaceous gland and hair follicle disorder, characterized by excess sebum production, clogged pores, bacterial growth, and inflammation.

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Skin's functions

The skin performs various functions, including fluid and electrolyte balance, hormone production, immunity, insulation, protection, secretion, sensory reception, and thermoregulation.

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Thermoregulation

Thermoregulation is the process of maintaining the body's core temperature. The skin plays a crucial role in this process by adjusting blood flow and sweat production.

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Melanin's Role

Melanin, a pigment produced by melanocytes, influences skin color. More melanin leads to darker skin, while less melanin results in lighter skin.

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Skin Color: Nature vs. Nurture

While genetics plays a major role in skin color, environmental factors like UV radiation can also influence it. Sun exposure stimulates melanin production, leading to tanning.

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Moles: Skin Markings

Moles are growths on the skin composed of melanocytes. They can range from benign collections to potentially cancerous melanomas.

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Vitiligo: Depigmentation

Vitiligo is a condition where patches of skin lose their pigment (melanin), leading to lighter areas. It's more noticeable on darker skin.

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Hair: More Than Just Strands

Hair is a keratin filament extending from the epidermis. It grows from a hair follicle, anchored in the dermis. The shaft is visible, while the root lies beneath.

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Hair's Inner Working

The hair root contains actively dividing cells responsible for hair growth. The hair bulb surrounds the hair papilla, which supplies blood and nerve endings.

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Nail Structure: Fingertip Protection

Nails are a specialized part of the epidermis, forming a protective layer at fingertips and toes. They consist of dense keratinocytes.

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Nail Growth Process

Nail growth originates at the nail root, driven by a matrix of basal cells. The nail cuticle (eponychium) marks the point where the nail fold meets the nail body.

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What protects the eye?

The eye is protected by bony orbits in the skull, eyelids and eyelashes, and tears.

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What's the role of the lacrimal gland?

The lacrimal gland produces tears, which flow through the lacrimal duct to wash over the conjunctiva and remove foreign particles.

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How many extraocular muscles control eye movement?

Six extraocular muscles connected to the eye control movement, allowing it to look up, down, in, out, and the eyelid to raise.

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What's the pathway of light through the eye?

Light passes through the cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, then reaches the rods and cones in the retina, and finally travels through the optic nerve.

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What is intraocular pressure?

The pressure inside the eye caused by the aqueous humor.

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Gustation

The sense of taste, allowing us to detect flavors from food and drinks. It involves specialized cells in the tongue that respond to different tastes like sweet, salty, sour, and bitter.

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Taste Buds

Small sensory organs located on the tongue, responsible for detecting taste. Each bud contains specialized cells that respond to different tastes.

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Olfaction

The sense of smell, allowing us to detect and identify odors in the environment.

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Olfactory Epithelium

A specialized tissue lining the nasal cavity, containing olfactory receptor neurons responsible for detecting smells.

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Audition

The sense of hearing, allowing us to perceive sounds from our environment.

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Tympanic Membrane

A membrane in the ear that vibrates when sound waves hit it, transmitting sound to the middle ear.

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Malleus, Incus, Stapes

Three small bones in the middle ear that amplify and transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.

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Eustachian Tube

A tube connecting the middle ear to the back of the throat, helping to equalize air pressure.

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Study Notes

Integumentary System (Skin)

  • The skin is the largest organ of the human body, comprising approximately 16% of body weight.
  • It's a complex structure made of various tissues and includes accessory structures like hair, nails, and glands (oil and sweat).
  • The skin is composed of three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue).

Epidermis

  • Composed primarily of keratinocytes (90%).
  • The epidermis has five layers: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.
  • Stratum basale is the deepest layer, containing basal cells, which are precursor cells to keratinocytes.
  • Melanocytes (10-25% of cells) produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color.
  • Merkel cells, found in hairless skin, act as mechanoreceptors.
  • The epidermis protects the body from harmful environmental factors like UV radiation, bacteria, and viruses.
  • The epidermis also contributes to wound healing by migrating to fill wound gaps.

Dermis

  • The dermis lies between the epidermis and hypodermis.
  • It's made of two layers: papillary and reticular.
  • Papillary layer: highly vascularized (houses blood vessels for temperature regulation); nourishes epidermis.
  • Reticular layer: dense irregular connective tissue; contains collagen and elastic fibers that provide strength and flexibility; contains sensory receptors.
  • The dermis plays a crucial role in nourishing, supporting, and protecting the skin.

Hypodermis

  • Also called subcutaneous tissue.
  • Composed mainly of loose connective and fatty tissues.
  • Serves as insulation and cushioning, stores energy reserves.
  • Stabilizes the skin's position on underlying structures and permits movement.

Skin Appendages

  • Hair: A keratin filament, grows from a hair follicle; provides protection, warmth, and sensory input.
  • Nails: Specialized epidermal structures at fingertips/toes; protect exposed tips of fingers and toes; contribute to high stress areas.
  • Sweat Glands (Sudoriferous Glands): Produce sweat; aids in thermoregulation and eliminating waste products. Two types: eccrine and apocrine.
    • Eccrine glands: widespread, regulate body temperature by producing watery sweat.
    • Apocrine glands: found in specific regions (armpits, genitals); produce thicker sweat, often associated with odors.
  • Sebaceous Glands: Produce sebum, an oil that lubricates and waterproofs skin and hair; associated with hair follicles; helps prevent water loss.

Skin Function

  • Absorption: Skin absorbs certain substances (e.g., medications).
  • Excretion: Skin excretes waste via sweat.
  • Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: Sweat helps regulate water and electrolytes.
  • Immunity: Plays a vital role in the immune response.
  • Insulation: Fatty tissues of the hypodermis provide insulation.
  • Protection: Protects underlying tissues from physical trauma, UV radiation, bacteria, and viruses.
  • Secretion: Skin secretes substances like sweat and sebum.
  • Sensory Receptors: Detects stimuli like touch, pressure, temperature.
  • Thermoregulation: Regulates body temperature through sweat production and blood vessel dilation.
  • Pigmentation: Skin color variations depend on melanin production.

Skin Color

  • Skin color is influenced by melanin production, genetics, and UV responses.
  • Melanocytes produce melanin, a pigment affecting the color.
  • Carotene is an orange-yellow pigment that can also contribute to skin color.
  • Albinism is an inherited condition that results in reduced melanin production.

Skin Disorders (Overview)

  • Vitiligo: depigmentation of skin.
  • Moles: benign or malignant melanocyte accumulations.
  • Burns: classified depending on the severity

Senses (Overview)

  • Gustation: Taste is detected by taste buds on the tongue.
  • Olfaction: Smell is detected by olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal cavity.
  • Audition: Hearing involves converting sound waves into neural signals via structures such as the outer and middle ear.
  • Vision: Vision is the sense of sight, relying on capturing and processing light through the eyes. Extraocular muscles control eye movement.

Other Points (Miscellaneous)

  • Calculating Burn Size: Using percentage diagrams to estimate burn area, crucial for treatment decisions.
  • Knowledge Check: Review questions about pathways of light in the eye, pressure related to the liquid inside eyes, and conditions like glaucmoa and cataracts.

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Module 7 Structure and Function - SKIN and senses PDF

Description

Explore the structure and function of the integumentary system, focusing on the skin, which is the largest organ of the human body. Learn about the layers of the skin, including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, and the various cells that play critical roles in protection and healing.

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