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Questions and Answers
Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for sensation?
What type of tissue primarily makes up the epidermis?
What is the primary function of the hypodermis?
Which layer of the skin contains keratinocytes?
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What specific structure is primarily responsible for the production of oil in the skin?
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Which layer of the epidermis is made up of dead cells?
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What is the main role of the dermal papillae?
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Which of the following layers is NOT part of the skin?
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What type of hair is commonly found on the scalp and eyebrows?
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What is the primary function of eccrine sweat glands?
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Which type of barrier does melanin provide in the integumentary system?
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What is NOT a function of the integumentary system?
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Which of the following types of sweat glands is responsible for producing body odor?
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Which component of skin secretions helps retard bacterial growth?
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What type of hair is primarily found in children and adult females, characterized as fine and pale?
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Which skin component is responsible for protecting the distal, dorsal surface of fingers and toes?
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What is the primary cellular arrangement found in the stratum spinosum?
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Which type of connective tissue is the papillary layer of the dermis primarily composed of?
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Which pigment is primarily responsible for skin color?
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What skin color change is characterized by a yellow cast and may indicate a liver disorder?
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What type of keratin is found in hair, making it more durable than that found in skin?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by blue skin color due to low oxygenation of hemoglobin?
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Which skin structure is absent in palms, soles, and certain areas like the lips?
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Which condition involves clotted blood beneath the skin, resulting in a discoloration known as a bruise?
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What is a primary function of dendritic cells in the epidermis?
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What causes sensible perspiration when body temperature rises?
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Which of the following is NOT a major type of skin cancer?
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What characterizes third-degree burns?
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What is the immediate threat when evaluating burns?
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Which of these substances is NOT excreted through sweat?
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What role does the skin play in metabolism?
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What percentage of the body's blood volume can the skin reservoir contain?
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What layer of the skin is primarily developed from the mesoderm?
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Which of the following describes the function of vernix caseosa?
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During which period does the lanugo coat appear on the fetus?
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What is one consequence of aging on the skin?
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What change occurs in the skin's fat composition from infancy to adulthood?
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What happens to the skin as a result of decreased sebaceous gland activity with age?
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What is a common skin condition seen in newborns known as cradle cap?
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What skin condition becomes more prevalent with age due to environmental factors?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System
- The integumentary system is made up of the skin and its appendages.
- Consists of two layers: the epidermis and dermis
- Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) is deep to the skin, primarily composed of adipose tissue.
Epidermis
- Superficial layer, composed of epithelial tissue.
- Five layers:
- Stratum corneum: outermost layer, consisting of dead keratinized cells.
- Stratum lucidum: clear layer, found only in thick skin.
- Stratum granulosum: granular layer, contains keratohyaline granules.
- Stratum spinosum: spiny layer, contains keratinocytes connected by desmosomes.
- Stratum basale: basal layer, deepest layer, contains stem cells that divide to produce new keratinocytes.
- Contains melanocytes that produce melanin, providing pigmentation.
- Also contains Langerhans cells, which are immune cells.
Dermis
- Underlying layer of the epidermis, composed of connective tissue.
- Two layers:
- Papillary layer: thin layer of areolar connective tissue containing capillaries and sensory receptors.
- Reticular layer: thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue, containing collagen and elastin fibers.
- Dermal papillae: projections of the dermis that interlock with the epidermis.
- Contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands.
Skin Color
- Determined by three pigments:
- Melanin: primary pigment, responsible for brown and black skin tones.
- Carotene: yellow-orange pigment found in carrots and other vegetables.
- Hemoglobin: red pigment in blood, gives pink tones to skin when blood is carrying oxygen.
Skin Appendages
- Hair:
- Dead, keratinized cells of hard keratin.
- Functions include: thermoregulation, protection from abrasion, and sensory reception.
- Two types: vellus hair (fine) and terminal hair (coarse).
- Nails:
- Scalelike modifications of the epidermis composed of hard keratin.
- Functions include: protection and manipulation.
- Sweat glands:
- Sudoriferous glands responsible for perspiration.
- Two types:
- Eccrine sweat glands: produce thin, watery sweat for thermoregulation.
- Apocrine sweat glands: produce thicker, milky sweat which is odorless until it mixes with bacteria on the skin.
- Ceruminous glands:
- Modified apocrine glands in the external ear canal that produce earwax.
- Mammary glands:
- Modified apocrine glands that produce milk.
Functions of the Integumentary System
- Protection:
- Chemical barrier: skin secretions and melanin.
- Physical barrier: structure of skin.
- Biological barrier: immune cells (Langerhans cells, macrophages, dendritic cells).
- Body temperature regulation:
- Sweat glands and blood vessels regulate heat loss or retention.
- Cutaneous sensation:
- Sensory receptors detect temperature, touch, and pain.
- Metabolic functions:
- Production of vitamin D, collagenase, and activation of hormones.
- Blood reservoir:
- Contains a significant amount of blood in the dermal blood vessels.
- Excretion:
- Sweat contains urea and salt.
Skin Cancer
- Most skin tumors are benign, but some can be malignant.
- Three major types:
- Basal cell carcinoma: most common, slow-growing.
- Squamous cell carcinoma: more invasive, can metastasize.
- Melanoma: least common, but most deadly.
- Risk factors for skin cancer include: excessive sun exposure, and frequent skin irritation.
- ABCD rule for melanoma diagnosis: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, and Diameter greater than 6 mm.
Burns
- Tissue damage caused by heat, electricity, radiation, or chemicals.
- Classified by degree:
- First degree: superficial, affects epidermis only.
- Second degree: deeper, affects epidermis and part of dermis.
- Third degree: full-thickness, destroys all layers of skin.
- Rule of nines: method for estimating the surface area of a burn.
Development of Tissue Types
- Embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
- Ectoderm: gives rise to epidermis and nervous tissue.
- Mesoderm: gives rise to dermis, hypodermis, muscles, and connective tissue.
- Fetal development:
- Lanugo coat: delicate hairs present during 5th and 6th month of fetal development.
- Vernix caseosa: sebaceous gland secretion that protects the fetus's skin.
- Post-natal development:
- Skin continues to thicken and accumulate subcutaneous fat.
- Sweat and sebaceous gland activity increases.
- Signs of aging become more apparent after 30, including skin thinning, dryness, wrinkles, decreased skin elasticity, and hair thinning.
Cradle Cap (Seborrhea)
- Seborrheic dermatitis that affects infants, causing scaly patches on the scalp.
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Description
Explore the intricate details of the integumentary system, including the structure and functions of the epidermis and dermis. This quiz covers the various layers of the skin, their composition, and the roles of key cells within these layers. Test your knowledge about the skin's anatomy and its protective functions.
