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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of keratin in the epidermis?
What is the primary role of keratin in the epidermis?
Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for sensations such as touch and temperature?
Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for sensations such as touch and temperature?
What is the main difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?
What is the main difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?
From which germ layers are the epidermis and dermis primarily derived?
From which germ layers are the epidermis and dermis primarily derived?
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Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the dermis?
Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the dermis?
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What is the name of the body system that includes the skin, hair, and glands?
What is the name of the body system that includes the skin, hair, and glands?
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Which layer of skin is formed from ectoderm?
Which layer of skin is formed from ectoderm?
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What type of tissue makes up the dermis?
What type of tissue makes up the dermis?
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What are the principal cells in the epidermis that produce keratin?
What are the principal cells in the epidermis that produce keratin?
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What cells produce melanin, which influences skin color?
What cells produce melanin, which influences skin color?
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What is the outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of dead keratinized cells?
What is the outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of dead keratinized cells?
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Which layer of epidermis is thin, transparent, and found only in thick skin?
Which layer of epidermis is thin, transparent, and found only in thick skin?
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In which layer of epidermis does keratinization begin?
In which layer of epidermis does keratinization begin?
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What layer of epidermis provides strength and flexibility to the skin?
What layer of epidermis provides strength and flexibility to the skin?
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Which layer of epidermis is the deepest and the site of cell division?
Which layer of epidermis is the deepest and the site of cell division?
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What is the process of forming a protective layer of keratin called?
What is the process of forming a protective layer of keratin called?
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What type of glands secrete sebum, an oil that lubricates the skin?
What type of glands secrete sebum, an oil that lubricates the skin?
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What are sweat glands called that regulate body temperature?
What are sweat glands called that regulate body temperature?
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What type of sweat glands are widely distributed and responsible for thermoregulation?
What type of sweat glands are widely distributed and responsible for thermoregulation?
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What type of sweat glands are associated with hair follicles?
What type of sweat glands are associated with hair follicles?
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What is the subcutaneous layer called that provides insulation and cushioning for the body?
What is the subcutaneous layer called that provides insulation and cushioning for the body?
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What are the functions of bones?
What are the functions of bones?
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What are the bone cells responsible for bone formation called?
What are the bone cells responsible for bone formation called?
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What are the bone cells involved in bone resorption called?
What are the bone cells involved in bone resorption called?
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What are mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue called?
What are mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue called?
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What type of bone tissue is dense and forms the outer layer of bones?
What type of bone tissue is dense and forms the outer layer of bones?
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What type of bone tissue is lightweight and has a trabecular structure?
What type of bone tissue is lightweight and has a trabecular structure?
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What is the growth plate called that allows bone lengthening during development?
What is the growth plate called that allows bone lengthening during development?
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What is the continuous process of bone resorption and formation called?
What is the continuous process of bone resorption and formation called?
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What is the regulation of calcium levels in the body called?
What is the regulation of calcium levels in the body called?
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What hormone increases blood calcium levels?
What hormone increases blood calcium levels?
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How many bones are in the human body?
How many bones are in the human body?
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Which primary germ layers contribute to the formation of the integumentary system?
Which primary germ layers contribute to the formation of the integumentary system?
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Which of the following are functions of the integumentary system?
Which of the following are functions of the integumentary system?
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What is a single hair strand called?
What is a single hair strand called?
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What is the structure that encases the hair root beneath the skin called?
What is the structure that encases the hair root beneath the skin called?
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What glands produce earwax for ear protection?
What glands produce earwax for ear protection?
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How many bones are in the adult human body?
How many bones are in the adult human body?
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What is the role of bones in calcium homeostasis?
What is the role of bones in calcium homeostasis?
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What are the initial sites where bone formation begins in embryos called?
What are the initial sites where bone formation begins in embryos called?
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What are the sites of bone growth after primary ossification called?
What are the sites of bone growth after primary ossification called?
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What is the shaft or central part of a long bone called?
What is the shaft or central part of a long bone called?
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What is the dense layer of vascular connective tissue that surrounds the bone called?
What is the dense layer of vascular connective tissue that surrounds the bone called?
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What is the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately, called?
What is the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately, called?
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What is the thin membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone called?
What is the thin membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone called?
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What is the region between the diaphysis and epiphysis called?
What is the region between the diaphysis and epiphysis called?
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What is the hollow space within the diaphysis called that contains bone marrow?
What is the hollow space within the diaphysis called that contains bone marrow?
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What smooth tissue covers the ends of bones at joints?
What smooth tissue covers the ends of bones at joints?
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What type of fatty tissue is found in the medullary cavity of long bones?
What type of fatty tissue is found in the medullary cavity of long bones?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System Functions
- Provides protection from the external environment, including physical trauma, pathogens, and UV radiation.
- Regulates body temperature through sweating and vasodilation/vasoconstriction.
- Sensory perception through various receptors.
- Vitamin D synthesis.
- Excretion of some wastes.
- Prevents water loss.
- Forms the body's external covering.
Integument Structure - Layers
- Two major layers: epidermis and dermis.
- Third layer: subcutaneous layer (hypodermis).
Germ Layers for Epidermis & Dermis
- Epidermis develops from ectoderm.
- Dermis arises from mesoderm.
Epidermis Structure
- Type of epithelium: Stratified squamous epithelium.
- Principal cells: Keratinocytes (most abundant) and melanocytes (produce melanin).
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Layers (superficial to deep):
- Stratum corneum: Outermost layer of dead, keratinized cells.
- Stratum lucidum (present in thick skin): A clear layer of flattened, dead keratinocytes.
- Stratum granulosum: Cells begin to die and fill with keratohyalin and lamellar granules.
- Stratum spinosum: Cells with desmosomes; relatively thick layer.
- Stratum basale: Deepest layer; actively dividing cells, stem cells, melanocytes, and tactile cells.
- Keratin's role: A tough, fibrous protein that waterproofs and protects the skin.
- Keratinization: The process of keratin accumulation leading to the formation of the stratum corneum, a protective barrier.
- Epidermal growth: Constant cell division within the stratum basale pushing cells up to the outermost layer.
Dermis Structure
- Type of tissue: Dense irregular connective tissue.
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Regions:
- Papillary region: Upper, loose layer with dermal papillae that house capillaries.
- Reticular region: Deep, dense layer with collagen and elastic fibers providing strength and elasticity.
- Dermal papillae: Finger-like protrusions that enhance grip and create friction ridges.
- Epidermal (friction) ridges: Patterns formed by dermal papillae; unique to each individual.
Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis)
- Composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue.
- Functions: Insulation, cushioning, energy storage.
Skin Color
- Melanin (produced by melanocytes): Determines skin color; protects from UV radiation.
- Hemoglobin (within blood vessels): Contributes reddish-pink hues.
- Carotene (from diet): Contributes orange-yellow tones.
- Albinism: A genetic condition that results in the deficiency or absence of melanin.
Sensory Receptors
- Free nerve endings: Detect pain, temperature, and itch.
- Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles: Detect deep pressure and vibration.
- Corpuscles of touch (Meissner’s corpuscles): Detect light touch, pressure, and vibration.
- Tactile (Merkel’s) discs: Detect light touch and pressure.
- Nociceptors: Detect pain.
Hair Structure
- Pilus: Hair shaft.
- Shaft: Visible portion of hair.
- Root: Part of the hair within the follicle.
- Hair follicle: Structure that surrounds the root.
- Arrector pili muscle: Smooth muscle that causes goosebumps when contracted.
- Hair root plexus: Sensory nerve endings around the hair follicle.
Sebaceous Glands
- Produce sebum (oil): Lubricates and protects hair and skin.
Sudoriferous Glands
- Produce sweat for thermoregulation and excretion.
- Eccrine (merocrine): Abundant, throughout the body; produce watery sweat.
- Apocrine: Located in the groin and axilla; produce sweat with protein and fatty acids.
Ceruminous Glands
- Produce cerumen (earwax).
Skeletal System
- Functions: Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood production.
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Cells:
- Osteoblasts: Responsible for bone formation.
- Osteoclasts: Break down bone tissue (bone resorption).
- Osteocytes: Mature bone cells maintaining bone tissue.
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Bone Types:
- Compact Bone: Dense, outer layer of bones.
- Spongy Bone: Lightweight, inner layer of bones with a trabecular structure.
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Bone Development:
- Primary ossification centers: Initial sites of bone formation in embryos.
- Secondary ossification centers: Sites of subsequent bone growth.
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Bone Growth:
- Epiphyseal plate: Growth plate, allows bone lengthening during development.
- Bone Remodeling: Continuous process of bone resorption and formation.
- Calcium Homeostasis: Regulation of calcium levels in the body involves bone (calcium storage and release) and hormones like parathyroid hormone (raise blood calcium levels) and calcitonin(lower blood calcium levels).
- Total bones in human body: 206
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Structure:
- Diaphysis: Shaft of a long bone.
- Epiphysis: Ends of a long bone.
- Periosteum: Dense layer of vascular connective tissue surrounding the bone.
- Endosteum: Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity.
- Metaphysis: Region between diaphysis and epiphysis.
- Medullary Cavity: Hollow space within the diaphysis containing bone marrow.
- Articular Cartilage: Smooth tissue covering the ends of bones at joints.
- Bone Marrow (both yellow and red): Fill spaces within bone. Yellow-fatty tissue; red-blood cell production.
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Description
Explore the functions and structures of the integumentary system, including its layers and roles in protection, temperature regulation, and sensory perception. This quiz delves into the epidermis and dermis development and their cellular composition. Test your knowledge on this essential body system!
