Integumentary System Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which structure is responsible for protecting and holding the eyes in place?

  • Lacrimal gland
  • Eyebrows
  • Orbits (correct)
  • Conjunctiva

What is the primary function of tears produced by the lacrimal gland?

  • To enhance vision clarity
  • To facilitate eye movement
  • To maintain intraocular pressure
  • To wash over the conjunctiva (correct)

Which extraocular muscle is responsible for moving the eye upward?

  • Inferior oblique
  • Medial rectus
  • Superior rectus (correct)
  • Lateral rectus

Which element of the eye's anatomy is involved in regulating the flow of light through it?

<p>Cornea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can lead to permanent loss of vision due to increased pressure in the eye?

<p>Glaucoma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the human body weight does the skin comprise?

<p>16% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin contains hair follicles and sweat glands?

<p>Dermis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

<p>Form a barrier against environmental damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following layers of the epidermis provides a waterproof barrier?

<p>Stratum granulosum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is primarily found in the dermis?

<p>Dense, irregular connective tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis is primarily responsible for rapid mitotic divisions?

<p>Stratum basale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypodermis in the integumentary system?

<p>Anchors the skin to underlying structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the stratum lucidum is TRUE?

<p>It is only found in the thick skin of palms and soles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the papillary layer of the dermis?

<p>Highly vascularized areolar tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is primarily found in the reticular layer of the dermis?

<p>Collagen and elastic fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hypodermis play in relation to the skin?

<p>It stabilizes skin position relative to underlying tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pigment is produced by melanocytes and contributes to skin coloration?

<p>Melanin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the hypodermis mainly function in the body?

<p>For insulation, cushioning, and energy storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about melanin is true?

<p>It varies in amount, not the number of melanocytes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence skin color?

<p>Vitamin D production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Albinism results in which of the following conditions?

<p>An absence of pigmentation in skin, hair, and eyes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the dendritic cells found in the stratum spinosum?

<p>Defending against microorganisms and skin cancers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the stratum granulosum?

<p>It consists of 3-5 layers with changing keratinocyte appearance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis is found only in thick skin, such as on the palms and soles?

<p>Stratum Lucidum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily influences variations in skin color?

<p>Genetic factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum predominantly connected to one another?

<p>By desmosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is vitiligo characterized by?

<p>Lighter colored patches of skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure contains actively dividing cells in hair?

<p>Hair bulb (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the stratum corneum from the other layers of the epidermis?

<p>It is comprised of dead keratinized cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of glycolipids in the outermost layer of the skin?

<p>Providing waterproofing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the visible part of the hair called?

<p>Hair shaft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the dermis to the rest of the body?

<p>The hypodermis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the nail bed play?

<p>Forms the base for nail growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of cells in the epidermis are melanocytes?

<p>10-25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes moles?

<p>Benign accumulations of melanocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily responsible for the inaccuracies in pulse oximeter readings?

<p>Skin color variations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component aids in the continuous growth of nails?

<p>Nail root (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are involved in the process of hearing in the inner ear?

<p>Cochlea, vestibule, round window (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is responsible for sound transduction in the cochlea?

<p>Hair cells in organ of Corti (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the round window membrane?

<p>To respond to fluid movement and match sound wave frequencies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do mechanoreceptors in the inner ear primarily function?

<p>In the vestibule for balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the inner ear senses head position and body motion?

<p>Utricle and saccule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initiates fluid movement in the scala tympani of the cochlea?

<p>Sound waves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is involved in transmitting auditory information?

<p>Cranial nerve VIII (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action occurs during the Valsalva maneuver in relation to the Eustachian tube?

<p>It opens to equalize pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epidermis Layers

The outermost layer of the skin, comprising multiple strata (layers).

Stratum Basale

Deepest layer of the epidermis, where new skin cells are created through mitosis.

Keratinocytes

Primary cells in the epidermis; they produce keratin.

Stratum Corneum

Outermost layer of the epidermis composed of dead skin cells.

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Dermis Layer

Connective tissue layer beneath the epidermis.

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Integumentary System

Includes the skin and its accessory structures (hair, nails, glands).

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Skin Structure (Layers)

Skin has three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.

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Hypodermis Function

Connective tissue layer beneath the dermis, mostly fat, insulating the body.

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Papillary Layer

The upper layer of the dermis, made of loose connective tissue. It's highly vascularized, meaning it has lots of blood vessels, and houses sensory neurons.

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Reticular Layer

The lower, denser layer of the dermis, made of tough collagen and elastic fibers. Provides strength and flexibility, restricts infections, stores fat, and connects the skin to deeper structures.

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What does the Hypodermis stabilize?

The hypodermis stabilizes the position of the skin in relation to deeper structures like muscles and organs. This allows the skin to move independently.

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What does the Hypodermis store?

The hypodermis stores fat, which provides insulation, cushioning, and energy reserves.

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What determines skin color?

The amount of melanin produced by melanocytes in the stratum basale and taken up by keratinocytes determines skin color.

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What are the factors influencing skin color?

Genetic programming, UV response, melanin, carotene, and albinism are all factors that influence skin color.

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What is Carotene?

Carotene is an orange-yellow pigment that accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues. It's found in orange and yellow vegetables.

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What is Albinism?

Albinism is an inherited condition where individuals have very light skin, hair, and eyes due to low melanin production.

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Basal Layer Role

The deepest layer of the epidermis, the stratum basale, continuously produces new skin cells through mitosis, replenishing the outer layers.

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Hemidesmosome's Job

Hemidesmosomes are specialized cell junctions that firmly attach epithelial cells, like those in the epidermis, to the underlying basement membrane.

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Melanocytes: Skin Pigment

Melanocytes, located in the stratum basale, produce melanin, a pigment responsible for skin color and protection against UV radiation.

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Stratum Spinosum: Defense

The stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis contains dendritic cells, crucial for immune defense against invading microbes and skin cancers.

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Stratum Granulosum: Keratinization

As cells move up from the stratum spinosum to the stratum granulosum, they begin to fill with keratin, eventually losing their nuclei and becoming dead.

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Stratum Lucidum: Thick Skin

The stratum lucidum, a transparent layer, appears only in thick skin areas like palms and soles, contributing to its durability.

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Stratum Corneum: Waterproofing

The outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, consists of multiple layers of dead, keratinized cells, providing protection and waterproofing.

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Dermis Function: Support

The dermis, a connective tissue layer, supports the epidermis, provides nourishment to its cells, and houses various structures like blood vessels, nerves, and glands.

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Melanin's Role?

Melanin is a pigment that gives skin its color. It's produced by cells called melanocytes and protects against UV radiation.

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Vitiligo

Vitiligo is a condition where skin loses pigment resulting in patches without color. This is especially noticeable on darker skin.

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What is a mole?

Moles are growths on the skin that vary from normal accumulations of melanocytes to potentially cancerous melanoma.

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Hair's Structure

Hair is a keratin filament from the epidermis primarily composed of dead cells. It grows from a hair follicle, extending into the dermis.

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Hair Root

The part of the hair below the surface of the skin is called the hair root. It ends in the hair bulb, where actively dividing cells are found.

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Hair Bulb

The hair bulb is the deepest part of the hair root and contains actively dividing cells. It wraps around the hair papilla, which has blood vessels and nerves.

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Nail Functions

Nails are made of keratin and protect the fingertips. They form on the nail bed and grow from the nail root.

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Nail Growth

Nail growth occurs at the nail root, which contains a matrix of basal cells that continuously produce new cells.

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Eye Orbits

Bony cavities in the skull that protect and hold the eyes in place.

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Palpebral Conjunctiva

A thin membrane lining the inside of the eyelids, connecting them to the eyeball.

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Lacrimal Gland

A gland near the nose that produces tears.

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Eye Muscles

Six muscles that control eye movement, allowing us to look up, down, left, right, and even roll our eyes.

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Pathway of Light

The route of light through the eye: cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor, retina, and optic nerve.

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Eustachian Tube Function

Opens during swallowing, yawning, or the Valsalva maneuver to equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere.

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Eustachian Tube Structure

The Eustachian tube is a tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the throat. It is partly made of bone and partly of cartilage.

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Sound Pathway Through Ear

Sound travels from the external auditory canal, through the tympanic membrane (eardrum), to the ossicles, then to the oval window. It then travels to the hair cells in the organ of Corti and finally to the cochlear nerve.

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Cochlea Function

The cochlea is a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals.

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Inner Ear: Hearing and Balance

The inner ear houses the cochlea for hearing and the vestibule for balance.

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Vestibular System: Equilibrium

The vestibular system in the inner ear detects head position and movement, contributing to our sense of balance.

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Sound Transduction in Cochlea

Sensory neurons in the cochlea convert sound vibrations into electrical signals that the brain can understand.

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Cerumen Collection Location

Cerumen (earwax) collects in the external auditory canal, the outer portion of the ear.

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Study Notes

Integumentary System

  • Largest organ of the human body, comprising 16% of body weight
  • Complex structure with various tissues
  • Includes: hair, nails, oil, and sweat glands
  • Composed of three layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous fat)

Epidermis Layers

  • Stratum corneum (dead skin cells)
  • Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
  • Stratum granulosum (waterproofing)
  • Stratum spinosum (8-10 layers)
  • Stratum basale (base)

Keratinocytes

  • Primary cell type in the epidermis (90%)
  • The precursor cells, basal cells, are responsible for cell renewal
  • Function as a barrier against environmental factors (heat, UV radiation, pathogens)
  • Play a crucial role in wound healing

Melanocytes

  • Found in the stratum basale
  • Produce melanin (skin pigment)
  • Responsible for skin color (darker skin tones have higher melanin production)
  • Amount of melanin does not determine number of melanocytes

Specialized Cells (Merkel cells)

  • Located in hairless skin
  • Sensitive to touch, release chemicals (upon compression) stimulating sensory nerve endings

Structure of the Skin

  • Dermis:
    • Papillary layer: highly vascularized areolar tissue, nourishes the epidermis
    • Reticular layer: dense irregular connective tissue with collagen fibers providing strength and flexibility
  • Hypodermis (or Subcutaneous Tissue):
    • Comprised mainly of loose connective and fatty tissues.
    • Stabilizes skin position on underlying tissues while permitting movement.
    • Insulates and cushions, and stores energy reserves

Glands of the Skin

  • Sweat Glands:
    • Eccrine: vital for thermoregulation, release an aqueous fluid
    • Apocrine: found in hairy areas (armpits and genital regions) sweat with larger amounts of organic compounds(making it thicker), and susceptible to decomposition.
  • Sebaceous:
    • Oil glands associated with hair follicles
    • Produce sebum (a mixture of lipids) to lubricate and waterproof skin

Functions of the Skin

  • Absorption
  • Excretion
  • Fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Hormone production
  • Immunity
  • Insulation
  • Protection
  • Secretion
  • Sensory
  • Thermoregulation

Hair

  • Keratin filament from the epidermis
  • Grows from follicles, penetrating the epidermis into the dermis
  • Shaft is visible; root is anchored below
  • Hair bulb contains cells responsible for growth
  • Hair papilla provides blood vessels to nourish the follicle

Nails

  • Specialized part of the epidermis at fingertips and toes.
  • Foundation for the nail body, protecting high-stress areas.
  • Nail growth occurs at the root (basal cells in the cuticle).
  • The nail bed has a rich blood supply making the nail bed appearence pink.

Sensory Systems

  • Taste:

    • Tongue is the primary organ associated with gustation
    • Four basic tastes: sweet, salty, sour, and bitter.
    • Sensory neurons in the tongue respond to food chemicals.

  • Olfaction (Smell):

    • Olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal cavity respond to chemical stimuli
    • Odorant molecules dissolve in mucus, bind to proteins, and initiate a signal cascade.
    • Connected to emotional memories and the temporal lobe.

  • Audition (Hearing):

    • Sound waves are converted to neural signals in the ear.
    • The auricle, ear canal, and eardrum are part of the outer ear.
    • The middle ear contains three small bones (malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit vibrations across the middle ear.
    • Hair cells in the organ of Corti detect the vibrations.
    • Auditory nerve relays signals to the brain.

  • Vision (Sight):

    • Eyes are located in bony orbits.
    • Eyelids, eyelashes, and conjunctiva protect the eye.
    • Tears are produced to cleanse the eyes.
    • Light travels through the cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, vitreous humor before reaching the retina (rods and cones).
    • Signals are transmitted to the optic nerve to the brain.

  • The vestibular system of the inner ear assists in equilibrium (balance)

  • Mechanisms of thermoregulatory response and maintenance of homeostasis

  • Various aspects of skin color related to melanin production, pigmentation, and other factors.

  • Conditions such as glaucoma and cataracts are discussed to highlight the importance of monitoring eye health.

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Module 7 Structure and Function - SKIN and senses PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating structure and functions of the integumentary system, the largest organ of the human body. Learn about its layers, key cell types like keratinocytes and melanocytes, and their roles in protecting our health. This quiz will deepen your understanding of skin anatomy and physiology.

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