Integumentary System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What are the basic functions of the integumentary system?

Protection, regulation of body temperature, communication, excretion of wastes, and vitamin D production.

What are the three layers of the skin?

Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis/Subcutaneous.

What is the structure of the epidermal layer?

Thin, superficial layer of mainly stratified squamous.

What is the function of the epidermal layer?

<p>Cells in deeper layers are living and dividing that push older cells to the surface where older cells die and fill with keratin to provide tough, waterproof protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the dermal layer?

<p>Widely dispersed cells, highly vascular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two functions of the dermal layer?

<p>Blood vessels nourish stratum basale and dermal cells, and constrict/dilate to help regulate body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the subcutaneous layer?

<p>Connects skin to underlying structures, composed of adipose and loose connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three functions of the subcutaneous layer?

<p>Insulates, cushions, energy supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the layers of the epidermis?

<p>Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the stratum basale?

<p>Mitosis, as cells are pushed to the surface they die due to being cut off from blood supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the stratum spinosum?

<p>Cells are far enough away from the dermal blood vessels that they begin to compact and die.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the stratum granulosum?

<p>Older cells develop proteins as they die, precursors to keratin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the stratum lucidum?

<p>Thickened skin on the palms and soles due to additional wear and tear, most cells are dead and keratin precursors develop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the stratum corneum?

<p>Dead cells are collected and filled with keratin allowing cells to be tough and offer protection and replace cells worn away by wear and tear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cells as they are pushed towards the surface?

<p>The farther cells move, the poorer their nutrient supply becomes and they die.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the integumentary system regulate an increase in body temperature?

<p>As body temperature rises, nerve impulses stimulate structures in the skin and other organs to release heat, warmed blood reaches hypothalamus in brain which controls body temperature and signals muscles in walls of dermal blood vessels to dilate allowing more blood to enter them and escape to the outside, simultaneously the nervous system stimulates the eccrine glands to become active and release sweat onto the skin surface, which as evaporates carrying heat away from the surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is skin color determined?

<p>How much melanin is produced from a melanocyte regulated by DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between sebaceous glands and sweat glands?

<p>Sebaceous glands contain groups of specialized epithelial cells and are usually associated with hair follicles and secrete an oily mixture of fatty material and cellular debris called sebum which keeps hair and skin soft, pliable, and waterproof, while sweat glands are widespread exocrine glands in the dermis or subcutaneous line with sweat secreting epithelial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different types of nerve receptors?

<p>Pacinian corpuscles and Meissner corpuscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps in healing an epidermal wound?

<p>Migration of epidermal cells across wound cap, cells from stratum basale migrate up edges of wound, cells from stratum basale divide until they meet in the middle (realize contact inhibition).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps in healing a dermal wound?

<p>Inflammatory phase, migratory phase, proliferate phase, and maturation phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the accessory organs of the integumentary system?

<p>Hair, nails, nerve receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes variation in hair color?

<p>Melanocytes produce different pigments as detailed by the DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes hair to turn white or grey?

<p>Lack of pigment in the cortex of a hair shaft, melanin production decreases with age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of skin cancers?

<p>Squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stratum basale?

<p>Simple columnar cells capable of mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stratum spinosum?

<p>Stratified cuboidal cells that are mainly dead.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stratum granulosum?

<p>3 to 5 rows, partially flattened cells that contain proteins or granules that are precursors to keratin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stratum lucidum?

<p>Present only on palms and soles, it is 3 to 4 rows of flattened, dead cells containing keratin precursors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stratum corneum?

<p>20 to 50 rows, flattened, dead cells, cells are filled with keratin and the ones that are lost by wear and tear are replaced by deeper cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the inflammatory phase of dermal wound healing?

<p>Redness (vasodilation), heat (bi-product of metabolic activity), swelling (fluids leave blood vessels into tissues, white blood cells invade), pain (neuron injury and increase in pressure due to swelling).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the migratory phase of dermal wound healing?

<p>Epidermal cells migrate across the wound and blood clots forming scab.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the proliferate phase of dermal wound healing?

<p>There is a reestablishment of epidermis and connective tissue below; fibroblasts migrate and form collagenous fibers, binding the wound together (sutures speed up).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the maturation phase of dermal wound healing?

<p>Phagocytes remove dead cells, cells mature to heal wound and scab falls off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two regions of the dermis?

<p>Papillary region and reticular region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is hair formed?

<p>As epidermal cells divide and grow, older cells are pushed toward the surface. As they move upward they move further from the dermal's nutrients so they begin to keratinize and die. The remains extend away from the skin surface creating the hair shaft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the integumentary system regulate a decrease in body temperature?

<p>Muscles in the walls of dermal blood vessels are stimulated to contract decreasing flow of heat-carrying blood through skin, reducing heat loss and sweat glands remain inactive, the nervous system stimulates muscles to contract slightly increasing heat through cellular respiration and small muscles may contract rhythmically with great force causing shivering which generates more heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the connection between dehydrocholesterol and vitamin D?

<p>When dehydrocholesterol is synthesized in the digestive system it then can move to the skin and through exposure to ultraviolet light from the sun will be converted to vitamin D.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure anchors the epidermis to the dermis?

<p>Basement membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of intradermal injections?

<p>Subcutaneous injections go into the subcutaneous layer and intramuscular injections go into muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between cutaneous carcinomas and cutaneous melanomas?

<p>Cutaneous carcinomas are caused by regular exposure to sunlight while cutaneous melanoma is caused by short, intermittent exposure to high-intensity sunlight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the lesion structural differences between cutaneous carcinomas and cutaneous melanomas?

<p>Carcinomas are either flat or raised, usually adhere to skin, slow-growing, and can be cured completely through surgery or radiation; melanoma have irregular outlines, may feel bumpy, spread horizontally through body, but may invade the body making treatment difficult.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can the size and shape of a medulla tell us?

<p>What species or race the hair belongs to.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information can be gained by doing a scale cast of hair?

<p>Species identification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes baldness (alopecia)?

<p>Infection, emotional stress, drugs, radiation, male hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of nerve receptors?

<p>Nerve ending wrapped with connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of nerve receptors?

<p>Receive information from outside world and send to brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Pacinian corpuscles and Meissner corpuscles?

<p>Pacinian respond to changes in deep pressure, while Meissner respond to slight pressure changes and fine touch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of protection.

<p>Vs. body fluid loss, injury, UV light, microorganism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of regulation of body temperature.

<p>Insulating barrier, sweat, blood supply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of communication.

<p>React to stimuli - cold, hot, touch, pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of excretion of wastes.

<p>Sweat glands release waste.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of vitamin D production.

<p>UV exposure, Vitamin D helps absorb calcium through digestive tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can prolonged and excessive exposure to UV light cause?

<p>Prolonged exposure - increased melanin and darker skin means a tan, excessive exposure - sunburn or DNA mutations mean malignant melanoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Integumentary System Function

Protects the body from injury, fluid loss, UV light, and microbes; regulates temperature; facilitates communication; excretes waste.

Skin Layers

Epidermis (outer), Dermis (middle), and Hypodermis/Subcutaneous (inner).

Epidermis Function

Outermost skin layer, provides protection against environmental factors, and contains dead, protective cells.

Dermis Function

Middle skin layer containing blood vessels, nerve endings and other structures responsible for sensation, temperature regulation, and nourishment.

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Hypodermis Function

Innermost skin layer; insulates, cushions, and stores energy.

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Stratum Basale

Deepest epidermis layer; where new skin cells are produced.

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Stratum Spinosum

Epidermis layer; cells begin compacting and die.

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Stratum Granulosum

Epidermis layer; cells develop proteins, and keratin.

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Stratum Lucidum

Epidermis layer on palms/soles, thick and dead cells filled with keratin.

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Stratum Corneum

Top epidermis layer; protective layer of dead, keratin-filled cells.

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Hair Color

Determined by pigments (melanin) produced by melanocytes.

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Sebaceous Glands

Glands that secrete sebum to moisturize skin and hair.

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Sweat Glands

Exocrine glands that help regulate body temperature and excrete waste.

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Epidermal Wound Healing

Healing involves cell migration and proliferation from the stratum basale.

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Dermal Wound Healing

Four-stage process: inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, and maturation phases of healing.

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Skin Cancer Types

Squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.

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Pacinian Corpuscles

Nerve receptors responding to deep pressure.

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Meissner Corpuscles

Nerve receptors that respond to light touch.

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Skin Temperature Regulation (Increased)

Blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow to the skin; sweat glands activate.

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Skin Temperature Regulation (Decreased)

Blood vessels constrict to reduce heat loss; minor muscle contractions generate heat.

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Vitamin D Production

Skin converts dehydrocholesterol to vitamin D upon UV exposure, essential for calcium absorption.

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Subcutaneous Injection

Injection into the subcutaneous layer.

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Lesion Characteristics (Cancer)

Carcinomas are flat/raised, slow-growing; melanomas are irregular, potentially aggressive.

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Study Notes

Basic Functions of the Integumentary System

  • Protects against body fluid loss, injury, UV light, and microorganisms
  • Regulates body temperature through insulation, sweating, and blood flow
  • Facilitates communication by reacting to environmental stimuli
  • Excretes waste products via sweat glands
  • Produces vitamin D through UV exposure, essential for calcium absorption

Layers of Skin

  • Composed of three primary layers: Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis/Subcutaneous

Structure of Skin Layers

  • Epidermis: Thin, superficial layer made mainly of stratified squamous cells, vital for protection.
  • Dermis: Contains widely dispersed cells and is highly vascular, providing nourishment and temperature regulation.
  • Subcutaneous Layer: Connects skin to underlying structures; made of adipose and loose connective tissues; functions include insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.

Epidermis Layers

  • Stratum Basale: Deepest layer where mitosis occurs; cells multiply and move to the surface, dying as they lose blood supply.
  • Stratum Spinosum: Cells begin to compact and die due to distance from blood vessels.
  • Stratum Granulosum: Older cells develop proteins and keratin precursors as they die.
  • Stratum Lucidum: Thickened layer on palms/soles composed of dead cells with keratin precursors.
  • Stratum Corneum: Outermost layer with 20-50 rows of dead, keratin-filled cells that provide tough protection.

Hair and Skin Color

  • Hair color variation results from different pigments produced by melanocytes as directed by DNA.
  • Hair turns white or gray due to decreased melanin production with aging.

Glands of the Integumentary System

  • Sebaceous Glands: Secrete sebum for hair and skin hydration; associated with hair follicles.
  • Sweat Glands: Widespread exocrine glands that help with thermoregulation and waste excretion.

Healing Processes

  • Epidermal Wounds: Involve cell migration from the stratum basale; cells proliferate until they meet in the midline.
  • Dermal Wounds: Follow a four-phase healing process: inflammatory, migratory, proliferative, and maturation.

Skin Cancers

  • Types: Squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.
  • Carcinomas often develop from prolonged sun exposure; melanomas can arise from short, intense exposure.

Nerve Receptors

  • Types include Pacinian corpuscles (deep pressure) and Meissner corpuscles (light touch).
  • Function to receive external stimuli and transmit information to the brain.

Temperature Regulation

  • Increase: Blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow to the skin; sweat glands activate to cool through evaporation.
  • Decrease: Blood vessels constrict to reduce heat loss; minor muscle contractions generate heat.

Vitamin D Production

  • Dehydrocholesterol in the skin converts to vitamin D upon UV exposure, aiding calcium absorption.

Injections

  • Types include subcutaneous (into the subcutaneous layer) and intramuscular (into muscle tissue).

Lesion Characteristics

  • Carcinomas are flat or raised, slow-growing, easily treatable; melanomas appear irregular, can be more aggressive and harder to treat.

Factors Affecting Hair and Skin Health

  • Baldness can result from infection, stress, medication, radiation, and hormonal changes.
  • Structure of nerve receptors involves nerve endings wrapped in connective tissue, enabling perceptual functions.

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