Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which layer of the epidermis is primarily responsible for its water-resistant properties?
Which layer of the epidermis is primarily responsible for its water-resistant properties?
- Stratum basale
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum corneum (correct)
- Stratum spinosum
What is the main tissue type found in the reticular layer of the dermis?
What is the main tissue type found in the reticular layer of the dermis?
- Areolar connective tissue
- Dense irregular connective tissue (correct)
- Epithelial tissue
- Adipose tissue
Which of the following epidermal layers is found only in thick skin, such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet?
Which of the following epidermal layers is found only in thick skin, such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet?
- Stratum basale
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum lucidum (correct)
- Stratum spinosum
Dermatitis, an inflammation of the skin, primarily affects which layer of the dermis?
Dermatitis, an inflammation of the skin, primarily affects which layer of the dermis?
Which of the following structures is responsible for fingerprints?
Which of the following structures is responsible for fingerprints?
What is the primary function of dendritic cells (Langerhans cells) found in the stratum spinosum?
What is the primary function of dendritic cells (Langerhans cells) found in the stratum spinosum?
Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles, responsible for detecting deep pressure, are located in which layer?
Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles, responsible for detecting deep pressure, are located in which layer?
What is the role of keratinohyaline in the stratum granulosum?
What is the role of keratinohyaline in the stratum granulosum?
Melanin, responsible for skin pigmentation, plays a crucial role in protecting the skin. Which specific cellular process does melanin primarily defend against?
Melanin, responsible for skin pigmentation, plays a crucial role in protecting the skin. Which specific cellular process does melanin primarily defend against?
Changes in skin color can indicate various physiological conditions. What condition is indicated by cyanosis, a bluish hue in the skin?
Changes in skin color can indicate various physiological conditions. What condition is indicated by cyanosis, a bluish hue in the skin?
The arrector pili muscles are small, smooth muscles attached to hair follicles. What is the primary function of these muscles?
The arrector pili muscles are small, smooth muscles attached to hair follicles. What is the primary function of these muscles?
Sebum, secreted by sebaceous glands, plays a vital role in maintaining skin health. What is the primary mode of secretion used by sebaceous glands to release sebum?
Sebum, secreted by sebaceous glands, plays a vital role in maintaining skin health. What is the primary mode of secretion used by sebaceous glands to release sebum?
Eccrine sweat glands are distributed widely throughout the body and produce a watery secretion. What is the primary function of this secretion?
Eccrine sweat glands are distributed widely throughout the body and produce a watery secretion. What is the primary function of this secretion?
Apocrine sweat glands are primarily found in specific areas of the body and produce a thicker secretion compared to eccrine glands. Where are apocrine sweat glands primarily located?
Apocrine sweat glands are primarily found in specific areas of the body and produce a thicker secretion compared to eccrine glands. Where are apocrine sweat glands primarily located?
Hair follicles are associated with a sensory receptor that detects hair movement. What is the name of this receptor and what type of stimulus does it detect?
Hair follicles are associated with a sensory receptor that detects hair movement. What is the name of this receptor and what type of stimulus does it detect?
Differences in skin color among individuals are primarily attributed to variations in which of the following factors?
Differences in skin color among individuals are primarily attributed to variations in which of the following factors?
Flashcards
Melanin
Melanin
Brown pigment produced by melanocytes that protects skin from UV damage.
Melanocytes
Melanocytes
Cells in the skin that produce melanin, influencing skin color.
Melanosomes
Melanosomes
Organelles where melanin is stored and transferred to keratinocytes.
Sebaceous Glands
Sebaceous Glands
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Sebum
Sebum
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Cyanosis
Cyanosis
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Apocrine Sweat Glands
Apocrine Sweat Glands
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Root Hair Plexus
Root Hair Plexus
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Epidermis
Epidermis
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Stratum basale
Stratum basale
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Stratum spinosum
Stratum spinosum
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Stratum granulosum
Stratum granulosum
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Papillary Layer
Papillary Layer
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Reticular Layer
Reticular Layer
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Hypodermis
Hypodermis
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Skin Pigments
Skin Pigments
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Study Notes
Introduction
- The integumentary system is crucial
- It's composed of the cutaneous membrane (epidermis and dermis) and accessory structures (hair, nails, glands)
5-1 - Epidermal Structure and Function
- The epidermis is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Keratinocytes are the most common cell type
- Thick skin differs from thin skin in location and layer count
- Layers (from basement membrane to apical surface):
- Stratum basale: basal cells, tactile cells, melanocytes, epidermal ridges (fingerprints)
- Stratum spinosum: dendritic (Langerhans) cells, immune function, 8-10 layers of keratinocytes
- Stratum granulosum: 3-5 layers of keratinocytes
- Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin): 3-5 layers of dead keratinocytes
- Stratum corneum: 15-30 layers of dead keratinocytes, water resistant
5-2 - Dermal Structure and Function
- The dermis lies between epidermis and hypodermis
- Anchors accessory structures
- Two layers:
- Papillary layer: areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics, nerve endings, tactile (Meissner's) corpuscles in thick skin
- Reticular layer: dense irregular connective tissue, larger blood vessels (cutaneous plexus), lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles, collagen and elastic fibers for strength and flexibility
5-3 - Subcutaneous Layer
- Also called superficial fascia
- Composed of adipose and areolar connective tissue
- Separates skin from deep fascia
- Site of subcutaneous injections
- Fat distribution controlled by hormones
5-4 - Skin Color
- Influenced by:
- Melanin: brown pigment produced by melanocytes, transfers to keratinocytes, protects basal cells from UV damage
- Carotene: orange-yellow pigment from vegetables, can accumulate in dermis
- Blood circulation: blood oxygenation impacts skin color; low oxygenation leads to a blueish hue (cyanosis)
5-5 - Sunlight and Vitamin D Production
- Skin produces vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
- Modified by liver and kidneys to calcitriol
- Calcitriol increases absorption of calcium and phosphate in intestines
- Insufficient vitamin D can lead to weakened bones (Rickets)
5-6 - Hair
- Located on most of the body except palms and soles
- Functions: protection, warmth, sensory reception
- Hair follicle:
- Hair root: the base (hair bulb) is nourished by the hair papilla (connective tissue)
- Hair shaft: dead, keratinized cells pushed upward
5-7 - Exocrine Glands of the Skin
- Sebaceous glands: oil glands
- Produce sebum (oily substance); prevents water loss
- Holocrine secretion: whole cells disintegrate to release sebum:
- Sebaceous glands open into hair follicles or directly onto skin surface
- Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
- Apocrine: found in axilla, groin; produce viscous secretions; scent producing
- Merocrine: widespread; produce watery secretion; thermoregulation
5-8 - Nails
- Keratinized plates protecting distal ends of digits
- Composed of hard keratin,
- Functions: protection, grasp, manipulation
5-9 - Skin Response to Injury
- Steps of repair: scab formation, granulation tissue development, scar formation (connective tissue)
- Granulation tissue is characterized by actively growing blood vessels; scars are the collagen fibers which replace the granulation tissue.
5-10 - Effects of Aging on the Skin
- Effects include decreased elasticity (wrinkles), thinning, decreased melanocyte activity
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