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Questions and Answers
What physical response is experienced when the arrector pili muscle contracts?
What physical response is experienced when the arrector pili muscle contracts?
- Blood vessels dilate to increase warmth.
- Goose bumps form on the skin. (correct)
- Muscles relax to promote blood flow.
- Sweating occurs to cool the body down.
What effect does the contraction of the arrector pili muscle have on hair?
What effect does the contraction of the arrector pili muscle have on hair?
- Hair stands on end. (correct)
- Hair gets thinner and falls out.
- Hair becomes more brittle.
- Hair grows longer instantly.
Why is the arrector pili muscle considered vestigial in humans?
Why is the arrector pili muscle considered vestigial in humans?
- It is actively involved in regulating body temperature.
- It helps produce sweat for cooling.
- It enhances muscle movement in arms.
- It has no significant function due to reduced body hair. (correct)
What benefit do animals like polar bears gain from the arrector pili muscle?
What benefit do animals like polar bears gain from the arrector pili muscle?
Which of the following triggers the arrector pili muscle to contract?
Which of the following triggers the arrector pili muscle to contract?
What happens when a polar bear is exposed to a cold breeze?
What happens when a polar bear is exposed to a cold breeze?
How does the air trapped within the raised hair of a polar bear contribute to its survival?
How does the air trapped within the raised hair of a polar bear contribute to its survival?
In what way does the presence of the arrector pili muscle impact human evolution?
In what way does the presence of the arrector pili muscle impact human evolution?
What is the primary function of the nail root in nail growth?
What is the primary function of the nail root in nail growth?
How is the nail primarily composed?
How is the nail primarily composed?
Which layer of the epidermis contributes to the growth of nails?
Which layer of the epidermis contributes to the growth of nails?
Which term best describes the cells responsible for the development of the nail?
Which term best describes the cells responsible for the development of the nail?
What element of the integumentary system do nails belong to?
What element of the integumentary system do nails belong to?
What happens to the cells that ascend from the deeper layers of the epidermis?
What happens to the cells that ascend from the deeper layers of the epidermis?
In which part of the integument is the nail root located?
In which part of the integument is the nail root located?
What is the main reason the nail appears solid and thick?
What is the main reason the nail appears solid and thick?
What is an appendage in the context of the integumentary system?
What is an appendage in the context of the integumentary system?
Where is the nail root located?
Where is the nail root located?
What type of cells contribute to the growth of the nail?
What type of cells contribute to the growth of the nail?
Which part of the epidermis is responsible for the growth of nail cells?
Which part of the epidermis is responsible for the growth of nail cells?
What is the primary component of nails?
What is the primary component of nails?
How do nail cells extend from the nail root to form the nail?
How do nail cells extend from the nail root to form the nail?
What happens to the keratinocytes as they contribute to the nail structure?
What happens to the keratinocytes as they contribute to the nail structure?
Which characteristic describes the keratin found in nails?
Which characteristic describes the keratin found in nails?
What is the primary component that makes skin tough?
What is the primary component that makes skin tough?
How much faster do fingernails grow compared to toenails?
How much faster do fingernails grow compared to toenails?
From which layer of skin does hair grow?
From which layer of skin does hair grow?
What type of muscle is the arrector pili muscle?
What type of muscle is the arrector pili muscle?
What is the approximate rate of hair growth per month?
What is the approximate rate of hair growth per month?
What are the two main parts of the dermis?
What are the two main parts of the dermis?
What is the epidermis primarily composed of?
What is the epidermis primarily composed of?
Which layer is not part of the skin structure?
Which layer is not part of the skin structure?
What is the function of keratin in both hair and nails?
What is the function of keratin in both hair and nails?
What type of connective tissue is found in the papillary layer of the dermis?
What type of connective tissue is found in the papillary layer of the dermis?
What physical reaction occurs when the arrector pili muscle contracts?
What physical reaction occurs when the arrector pili muscle contracts?
What is the primary function of the arrector pili muscle in animals like polar bears?
What is the primary function of the arrector pili muscle in animals like polar bears?
In humans, what are goose bumps generally a response to?
In humans, what are goose bumps generally a response to?
What happens to the hairs on the body when the arrector pili muscle contracts?
What happens to the hairs on the body when the arrector pili muscle contracts?
Why is the arrector pili muscle considered a vestigial structure in humans?
Why is the arrector pili muscle considered a vestigial structure in humans?
What insulating effect does the standing hair provide for animals in cold environments?
What insulating effect does the standing hair provide for animals in cold environments?
How does the arrector pili muscle affect the appearance of human skin?
How does the arrector pili muscle affect the appearance of human skin?
Which of the following best describes arrector pili muscle activity in humans?
Which of the following best describes arrector pili muscle activity in humans?
What is the main component that makes the skin tough?
What is the main component that makes the skin tough?
How much faster do fingernails grow compared to toenails?
How much faster do fingernails grow compared to toenails?
Where does hair growth originate in the skin?
Where does hair growth originate in the skin?
What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?
What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?
What type of epithelial cells are found in hair?
What type of epithelial cells are found in hair?
What is the average monthly growth rate of hair?
What is the average monthly growth rate of hair?
What is the structure directly beneath the epidermis?
What is the structure directly beneath the epidermis?
What characterizes the papillary dermis layer?
What characterizes the papillary dermis layer?
Which part of the dermis is responsible for the main structural support?
Which part of the dermis is responsible for the main structural support?
What is the primary function of keratin in the fingernails?
What is the primary function of keratin in the fingernails?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System Overview
- Integument consists of the skin layers and appendages such as nails and hair.
- Appendages, including nails, are crucial functional structures in the integumentary system.
Nail Structure and Growth
- The nail root, attached to the epidermis, is essential for nail development.
- Nails are formed from keratinocytes in the stratum basale of the epidermis, leading to the upward growth of nails.
- Keratin, a tough protein, makes up nails, providing stiffness and durability.
- Fingernails grow approximately four times faster than toenails.
Hair Structure and Growth
- Hair follicles originate in the reticular layer of the dermis and produce hair shafts that emerge from the skin.
- Hair growth occurs through flattened, keratin-filled epithelial cells, with a growth rate of approximately 0.5 inches (1.25 cm) per month.
- Hair consists of a central shaft that extends through the epidermis.
Dermis Layers
- The dermis contains two layers:
- Papillary dermis (thinner, looser connective tissue).
- Reticular dermis (thicker, denser connective tissue).
Arrector Pili Muscle
- The arrector pili muscle is smooth muscle located in the papillary dermis, controlling involuntary actions.
- Contraction of this muscle results in goosebumps and hair standing on end.
- Goosebumps occur during cold exposure or strong emotions.
Functionality of Arrector Pili
- In animals, such as polar bears, the arrector pili muscle helps trap warm air within a dense coat of hair, providing insulation in cold climates.
- In humans, the arrector pili muscle is considered vestigial, as its function is less significant due to reduced body hair.
Integumentary System Overview
- Integument consists of the skin layers and appendages such as nails and hair.
- Appendages, including nails, are crucial functional structures in the integumentary system.
Nail Structure and Growth
- The nail root, attached to the epidermis, is essential for nail development.
- Nails are formed from keratinocytes in the stratum basale of the epidermis, leading to the upward growth of nails.
- Keratin, a tough protein, makes up nails, providing stiffness and durability.
- Fingernails grow approximately four times faster than toenails.
Hair Structure and Growth
- Hair follicles originate in the reticular layer of the dermis and produce hair shafts that emerge from the skin.
- Hair growth occurs through flattened, keratin-filled epithelial cells, with a growth rate of approximately 0.5 inches (1.25 cm) per month.
- Hair consists of a central shaft that extends through the epidermis.
Dermis Layers
- The dermis contains two layers:
- Papillary dermis (thinner, looser connective tissue).
- Reticular dermis (thicker, denser connective tissue).
Arrector Pili Muscle
- The arrector pili muscle is smooth muscle located in the papillary dermis, controlling involuntary actions.
- Contraction of this muscle results in goosebumps and hair standing on end.
- Goosebumps occur during cold exposure or strong emotions.
Functionality of Arrector Pili
- In animals, such as polar bears, the arrector pili muscle helps trap warm air within a dense coat of hair, providing insulation in cold climates.
- In humans, the arrector pili muscle is considered vestigial, as its function is less significant due to reduced body hair.
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