Integumentary System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What type of connective tissue primarily makes up the reticular layer of the dermis?

  • Adipose tissue
  • Elastic connective tissue
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Dense irregular connective tissue (correct)

Which pigment is responsible for imparting a yellow to red color in the skin?

  • Carotene
  • Hemoglobin
  • Eumelanin
  • Pheomelanin (correct)

Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for shock absorption and insulation?

  • Subcutaneous layer (correct)
  • Papillary layer
  • Reticular layer
  • Epidermis

Which component is NOT found in the papillary layer of the dermis?

<p>Thick collagen fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sebaceous glands in the skin?

<p>Lubrication of hair shaft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

<p>Produce the protein keratin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin is vascular and can bleed if cut deep enough?

<p>Dermis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells in the epidermis are responsible for the immune response?

<p>Dendritic (Langerhans) cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of skin is primarily composed of adipose tissue?

<p>Subcutaneous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many layers does thick skin have compared to thin skin?

<p>Thick skin has five layers and thin skin has four layers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the largest organ of the body?

<p>Skin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are tactile epithelial cells primarily responsible for?

<p>Detecting touch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the integumentary system is a medical specialty that deals with disorders of skin structure and function?

<p>Dermatology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin is responsible for the production of new keratinocytes?

<p>Epidermis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue are tendons classified as?

<p>Dense regular connective tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells in the epidermis plays a role in immune defense?

<p>Macrophages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of skin burn affects both the epidermis and dermis layers?

<p>Second-degree burn (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the reticular layer of the dermis?

<p>Thick collagen and elastic fibers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of gland secretes substances directly into the bloodstream?

<p>Endocrine glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the integumentary system, which layer does not contain blood vessels?

<p>Epidermis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Basale layer in the epidermis?

<p>It forms new keratinocytes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by flattened dying keratinocytes?

<p>Stratum Granulosum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes thick skin from thin skin?

<p>Thick skin has an additional layer called Lucidum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which skin layer do keratinocytes begin to flatten significantly and form tighter connections?

<p>Stratum Spinosum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate duration for the process of cell turnover from Basale to Corneum?

<p>4-6 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is primarily found in the dermis?

<p>Dense connective tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main composition difference between the papillary and reticular regions of the dermis?

<p>Reticular contains more collagen fibers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to keratinocytes as they move from the Granulosum to the Corneum?

<p>They lose their organelles and nuclei. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nail is responsible for the production of new nail cells?

<p>Nail matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the free edge of the nail?

<p>It extends past the distal end of the digit. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes the difference in skin color among individuals?

<p>The amount and transfer of melanin from melanocytes to keratinocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of arrector pili muscles in the integumentary system?

<p>To contract and create goosebumps during emotional responses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which degree of burn involves the complete loss of skin functions and may require skin grafting?

<p>Third-degree burn (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hyponychium?

<p>Secure the nail to the fingertip. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of melanin in the skin?

<p>To protect against DNA damage from ultraviolet light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the nail plate from the stratum corneum?

<p>The nail plate does not shed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way is hair composition specified in the integumentary system?

<p>Hair consists of columns of dead keratinized epidermal cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the tan of the skin when melanin-containing keratinocytes are shed?

<p>The tan fades away gradually (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of healing time, how long does it generally take for a second-degree burn to heal if no infection occurs?

<p>3-4 weeks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the euphemism 'lunula' referring to in the context of nails?

<p>The crescent-shaped area at the proximal end of the nail plate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes freckles to form on the skin?

<p>Accumulation of melanin in patches (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory structure of the skin serves as the stratum corneum of the epidermis at the base of the nail?

<p>Eponychium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sweat glands benefit the body's temperature regulation?

<p>By allowing evaporative cooling through sweat production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the body does not have hair, according to the integumentary system?

<p>The palms of the hands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epidermis

The outermost layer of skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

Dermis

The deeper layer of skin, composed of dense irregular connective tissue. Contains blood vessels, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands.

Subcutaneous Layer

The deepest layer of skin, also known as hypodermis, contains adipose tissue, large blood vessels, and fibers that attach the dermis to underlying fascia.

Melanin

A pigment produced by melanocytes in the epidermis, responsible for skin color.

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Sebaceous Gland

A type of gland that produces sebum (oil) to lubricate the hair shaft and the skin.

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Carotene

Yellow-orange pigment from carotene-rich foods, stored in the stratum corneum and fatty areas due to excessive intake.

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Melanin & Skin Color

The difference in skin color is due to the amount of melanin produced and transferred to keratinocytes, not the number of melanocytes.

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UV Light and Melanin

Exposure to UV light leads to melanin production to protect against further damage.

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Freckles

Patches of accumulated melanin.

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Hair Shaft and Root

The shaft is the visible part of the hair, while the root is embedded in the dermis.

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Arrector Pili

Muscle attached to hair follicle, contracting to create goosebumps.

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Hair Functions (Head)

Hair protects the scalp from injury and sun, touch receptors in hair roots detect even slight movements.

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Hair Functions (Eyes)

Eyebrows and eyelashes protect eyes from foreign objects.

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Basale Layer

The deepest layer of the epidermis, containing a single row of columnar keratinocytes (stem cells) responsible for forming new keratinocytes.

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Spinosum Layer

Consists of 8-10 layers of keratinocytes produced by the Basale layer. Keratinocytes in this layer start to flatten and connect tightly to each other via desmosomes.

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Granulosum Layer

Located above the Spinosum layer, this layer contains 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes undergoing programmed cell death (apoptosis).

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Corneum Layer

The outermost layer of the epidermis, composed of 25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes. These cells are shed and replaced on a continual basis.

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Lucidum Layer

This layer is found only in thick skin, such as on the palms and soles. It lies between the Corneum and Granulosum layers and contains 4-6 layers of flat, clear, dead keratinocytes.

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Papillary Layer

This layer of the dermis is closer to the epidermis and contains loosely arranged collagen fibers. It is responsible for creating the ridges on our fingertips.

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Reticular Layer

This deeper layer of the dermis is made up of densely packed collagen fibers. It gives the skin its strength and elasticity.

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Nail Plate

The visible part of the nail, made of tightly packed dead keratinocytes.

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Free Edge

The part of the nail that extends beyond the fingertip.

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Nail Root

The part of the nail buried in the skin fold.

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Lunula

The crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail plate.

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Hyponychium

The thickened stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail, securing it to the fingertip.

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Eponychium

The stratum corneum of the epidermis covering the base of the nail.

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Nail Matrix

The part of the nail that contains the dividing cells that produce new nail cells.

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First-Degree Burn

A burn that involves only the epidermis, causing redness, pain, and possible peeling.

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Second-Degree Burn

A burn that affects both the epidermis and dermis, causing redness, blisters, and pain.

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Third-Degree Burn

A burn that damages all layers of the skin, leading to loss of skin function and nerve endings.

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Keratinocytes

The main cells within the epidermis responsible for producing keratin, a tough protein that gives skin its strength and resilience. They make up the majority of epidermal cells.

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Melanocytes

Epidermal cells responsible for producing melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. They protect the skin from harmful UV radiation.

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Dendritic or Langerhans Cells

Immune cells found in the epidermis that help protect against infections. They arise from bone marrow.

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Tactile Epithelial or Merkel cells

Specialized sensory cells in the epidermis responsible for detecting touch sensations.

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Thin Skin

The type of skin with only 4 layers, found in most areas except palms and soles. It's thinner and more delicate than thick skin.

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Thick Skin

The type of skin with 5 layers, found in areas like palms and soles. It's thicker and tougher due to the presence of an extra layer.

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Subcutaneous (hypodermis)

The deepest layer of skin, consisting of adipose tissue (fat) that stores energy, insulates the body, and cushions organs.

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Connective tissue

A type of connective tissue that provides support and structure to the body. It is found in tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and bone.

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Fibroblasts

Cells that produce collagen, the main structural protein found in connective tissue.

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Sweat gland

A type of exocrine gland that secretes sweat to help regulate body temperature.

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Hair follicle

A structure embedded in the dermis that produces hair.

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Study Notes

Integumentary System Overview

  • The integumentary system is composed of skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors.
  • Key functions include protection, maintaining constant body temperature, and providing a sense of touch.
  • Dermatology is a medical specialty that deals with the structure, function, and disorders of the integumentary system.

Skin Structure

  • Skin is the largest organ in the body, comprising about 7% of total body weight.
  • It has three main layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous.
  • Epidermis: Avascular; composed of various epithelial cells. Scratching does not usually lead to bleeding.
  • Dermis: Dense connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers. Its vascular nature means bleeding can occur with deeper cuts.
  • Subcutaneous: Lies deep to the dermis; not part of the skin; contains adipose tissue, and contains large blood vessels draining skin capillaries; important role in energy storage

Epidermis Details

  • The epidermis is composed of keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium.
  • It contains four types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, dendritic (Langerhans) cells, and tactile (Merkel) cells.
  • Keratinocytes (85%): Tough, form layers; produce the protein keratin for strength.
  • Melanocytes (8%): Produce melanin for skin color control.
  • Dendritic cells (5%): Part of the immune system.
  • Tactile (Merkel) cells ( 2%): Detect touch sensations.

Epidermis Structure- Layers

  • The thin skin epidermis has 4 layers: Stratum Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, and Corneum.
  • The thick skin epidermis has another layer: Stratum Lucidum. This layer is found in areas of high friction, like the palms and soles.

Dermis Details

  • Dermis is thicker than the epidermis
  • The Dermis is dense connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.
  • Divided into 2 parts:
    • Papillary layer (superficial, 1/5): Thin collagen and elastic fibers; contains blood capillaries, touch receptors, and nerve endings.
    • Reticular layer (deep, 4/5): Dense irregular connective tissue thick collagen and elastic fibers containing hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands (secretes oil) and sudoriferous glands (sweat glands.) Contains blood vessels.

Subcutaneous Layer

  • Deep to the dermis; also called the hypodermis.
  • Stores adipose tissue for energy storage and insulation; also for shock absorption and protection.
  • Contains large blood vessels to drain skin capillaries; attaches dermis to underlying fascia.

Skin Color

  • Skin color results from three pigments: melanin, hemoglobin, and carotene.
  • Melanin (produced by melanocytes): Two forms; pheomelanin (yellow to red) and eumelanin (brown to black). Melanin amount determines skin color.
  • Hemoglobin (from red blood cells): Creates a reddish hue in skin.
  • Carotene (from carotenoid rich foods): Creates a yellow-orange hue in skin, important for Vitamin A production. Amount depends on diet

Skin Pigmentation, Melanin

  • The number of melanocytes is the same in all people; the difference in skin color is due to the amount of melanin produced and transferred to keratinocytes.
  • Exposure to UV light causes DNA damage and leads to increased melanin production for protection.
  • Freckles are accumulations of melanin in patches.
  • Tanning occurs when melanin-containing keratinocytes are shed.

Accessory Structures

  • Hair: Develops from epidermis. Hair shaft projects upward from skin; root penetrates the dermis. Hair follicles contain arrector pili muscles (goosebumps).
  • Nails: Composed of tightly packed dead keratinocytes; comparable to the stratum corneum but do not shed. The nail body is pink due to blood flow beneath it. The nail root is buried in a fold of skin. Components include the nail plate (body), the free edge, and the nail root.
  • Glands: Sweat glands regulate body temperature from both eccrine and apocrine glands.

Burns

  • Burns are classified by depth of damage.
  • First-degree: Epidermal burn.
  • Second-degree: Portion of epidermis and dermis.
  • Third-degree: Full thickness burn involving all skin structures and nerve endings.

Tattoos/Piercings

  • Tattoos involve puncturing the dermis and depositing ink.
  • Dermis's stability makes tattoos permanent.
  • Body piercing involves puncturing the skin.

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Description

Explore the key components and functions of the integumentary system, including skin, hair, and sensory receptors. This quiz covers the structure of the skin and the various layers, focusing on the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. Gain insights into dermatology and its significance in understanding skin disorders.

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