Integumentary System Module 7.1
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of the nails?

  • To regulate body temperature
  • To enhance the sense of touch
  • To protect the ends of fingers and toes from over sensitization (correct)
  • To produce keratin

    • What is the functional unit of the muscle?

  • Sarcomere (correct)
  • Sacromere
  • Myofibril
  • Sarcolemma

    • What is the most common type of skin cancer?

  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Malignant Melanoma
  • Basal Cell Carcinoma (correct)

    • What is the term for the rapid delivery of action potentials that produce a graded contraction?

    <p>Summation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle fibers rely mostly on aerobic respiration to generate ATP?

    <p>Oxidative Fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the troponin complex?

    <p>To bind to actin strands on thin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the state of smooth and sustained contraction produced by a volley of action potentials?

    <p>Tetanus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion?

    <p>Musculoskeletal Systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of movement produced by annelids using their hydrostatic skeleton?

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protein that binds oxygen more tightly than hemoglobin does?

    <p>Myoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of fast-twitch fibers?

    <p>They contract rapidly and sustain shorter contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of smooth muscle?

    <p>To move food through the digestive tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of cardiac muscle?

    <p>It is electrically connected by intercalated disks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between exoskeletons and endoskeletons?

    <p>Exoskeletons are external, while endoskeletons are internal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge of locomotion on land?

    <p>Overcoming gravity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main adaptation of flying animals to reduce body mass?

    <p>They have no urinary bladder or teeth and have air-filled bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of polysaccharide chitin?

    <p>It is a carbohydrate found in arthropod cuticles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the autonomic nervous system in relation to smooth muscle?

    <p>It stimulates contractions of smooth muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of jet propulsion in swimming?

    <p>It involves expelling water quickly to generate force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge of locomotion in water?

    <p>Overcoming friction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following layers of the epidermis is the outermost layer?

    <p>Stratum corneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the sebaceous gland?

    <p>To produce sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the stratum lucidum?

    <p>It is found in the palms and soles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the dermis layer in the skin?

    <p>To regulate body temperature and provide sensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?

    <p>To contract and raise the hair follicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of skin receptor?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the melanin produced by melanocytes?

    <p>To provide defense against UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sweat gland?

    <p>To regulate body temperature and promote evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the hypodermis layer?

    <p>It is composed of adipose tissue and loose connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the keratinization process in the skin?

    <p>To make the skin waterproof and resistant to abrasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Integumentary System

    • The integumentary system consists of the skin, accessory organs, and three layers of tissue.
    • It provides a physical barrier against most invasions, regulates body temperature, aids in the senses of touch and feel, and protects the body from UV radiation.

    The Skin

    • The skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
    • The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelium, with no blood vessels to supply nutrients to its cells.
    • The dermis is made up of fibrous connective tissue, with collagen and elastic fibers that are continuous with the fibers in the hypodermis.
    • The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue and loose connective tissue, and contains large blood vessels.

    Epidermis

    • The epidermis has no blood vessels, so nutrients diffuse from the arterioles in the dermis.
    • The epidermis has four layers: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, and stratum corneum.
    • Stratum basale receives most of the nourishment, while stratum corneum is the outermost layer, made up of dead, keratinized cells.
    • Keratinization is the process of producing keratin, a protein that makes cells tough and waterproof.

    Dermis

    • The dermis is made up of fibrous connective tissue.
    • It contains arterioles that supply nutrients to the epidermis.
    • It also contains collagen and elastic fibers that are continuous with the fibers in the hypodermis.

    Hypodermis

    • The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue and loose connective tissue.
    • It contains large blood vessels.
    • It acts as a heat insulator against the cold climate and stores fat.

    Accessory Organs

    • The hair, pili arrector muscle, sebaceous gland, sudoriferous gland, and nails are all accessory organs.
    • The hair is made up of keratinized cells, and its growth is affected by nutrition and hormones.
    • The sebaceous gland produces sebum, which helps to waterproof the skin and hair.
    • The sudoriferous gland produces sweat, which promotes evaporation and helps to regulate body temperature.

    Functions of the Integumentary System

    • Protection: physical, chemical, and biological barriers against external factors.
    • Temperature regulation: through sweating, vasoconstriction, and vasodilation.
    • Excretion: waste materials such as ammonia, urea, and excess salt are eliminated through sweating.
    • Vitamin D synthesis: the epidermal layer of human skin synthesizes vitamin D when exposed to UV radiation.
    • Cutaneous sensation: receptors in the skin detect sensations such as heat, cold, pressure, and touch.

    Thick Skin vs Thin Skin

    • Thick skin has all five layers, and is found in areas where there is a lot of abrasion, such as the fingertips, palms, and soles of the feet.
    • Thin skin only has four layers, and is thinner due to the absence of the stratum lucidum layer.### Nails
    • Made of keratin
    • Protect the ends of fingers and toes
    • Prevent over-sensitization of nerve receptors

    Burns

    • 1st degree burns: only the epidermis is damaged, with redness and swelling
    • 2nd degree burns: epidermis and upper region of dermis are involved, with redness, swelling, and blisters
    • 3rd degree burns: all layers of skin are burned, requiring a skin graft to repair

    Skin Cancer

    • Most skin tumors are benign
    • Cause of cancer is unknown, but probably due to overexposure to ultraviolet radiation
    • Types of skin cancer:
      • Basal cell carcinoma: most common, usually benign, and affects cells in stratum basale
      • Squamous cell carcinoma: arises from keratinocytes in stratum spinosum, more aggressive than basal cell carcinoma
      • Malignant melanoma: most dangerous, cancer of melanocytes in stratum basale, and grows and migrates rapidly

    Muscular System

    • Types of muscle fibers:
      • Oxidative fibers: rely on aerobic respiration, have many mitochondria, rich blood supply, and large amount of myoglobin
      • Glycolytic fibers: use glycolysis as primary source of ATP, have less myoglobin, and tire more easily
    • Skeletal muscles:
      • Striated muscles: have light and dark bands
      • Uses ATP from glycolysis or aerobic respiration
    • Muscle contraction:
      • Requires myosin-binding sites to be uncovered
      • Calcium ions bind to troponin complex to expose myosin-binding sites
    • Muscle types:
      • Slow-twitch fibers: contract slowly, sustain longer contractions, and are oxidative fibers
      • Fast-twitch fibers: contract rapidly, sustain shorter contractions, and can be glycolytic or oxidative

    Nervous Control of Muscle

    • Motor unit: consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls
    • Action potential: produced by a motor unit, results in all muscle fibers within the motor unit to contract
    • Graded contractions:
      • Can be achieved by varying the number of fibers that contract
      • Can be achieved by varying the rate at which fibers are stimulated
    • Recruitment: the recruitment of multiple motor neurons results in stronger contractions

    Skeletal System

    • Types of skeletal systems:
      • Hydrostatic skeletons: consist of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment
      • Exoskeletons: hard external skeletons
      • Endoskeletons: internal skeletons
    • Functions of skeletal system:
      • Provides support and protection
      • Allows for movement
      • Produces movement through muscle contractions

    Locomotion

    • Types of locomotion:
      • Locomotion on land: walking, running, hopping, or crawling
      • Swimming: moving through water
      • Flying: moving through air
    • Adaptations for locomotion:
      • Land: support and move against gravity
      • Water: overcome friction
      • Air: develop lift to overcome gravity

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    Module 7.1: The Integumentary System PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the integumentary system, focusing on the skin and its layers, including the stratum corneum and epidermis.

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