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Questions and Answers
What is the primary composition of the stratum spongiosum?
What is the primary composition of the stratum spongiosum?
Which type of gland is found in the stratum spongiosum?
Which type of gland is found in the stratum spongiosum?
How does the stratum compactum differ from the stratum spongiosum?
How does the stratum compactum differ from the stratum spongiosum?
What is the role of the stratum germinativum?
What is the role of the stratum germinativum?
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Which statement accurately describes stratum spongiosum's gland composition?
Which statement accurately describes stratum spongiosum's gland composition?
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What is the outermost layer of the frog's skin called?
What is the outermost layer of the frog's skin called?
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Which of the following is responsible for the color of the frog's skin?
Which of the following is responsible for the color of the frog's skin?
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In anatomical directions, what does the term 'ventral' refer to?
In anatomical directions, what does the term 'ventral' refer to?
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Which anatomical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?
Which anatomical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?
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What type of connective tissue contains pigments in frogs?
What type of connective tissue contains pigments in frogs?
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The term 'proximal' refers to a part of a structure that is:
The term 'proximal' refers to a part of a structure that is:
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Which part of the frog's body is considered to be the axial region?
Which part of the frog's body is considered to be the axial region?
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What is the function of the stratum germinativum?
What is the function of the stratum germinativum?
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What is the function of the nictitating membrane in frogs and toads?
What is the function of the nictitating membrane in frogs and toads?
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Which structure covers the auditory canal in frogs and toads?
Which structure covers the auditory canal in frogs and toads?
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What distinguishes the forelimbs of frogs and toads from their hindlimbs?
What distinguishes the forelimbs of frogs and toads from their hindlimbs?
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Which gland is located behind the tympanic membrane in frogs and toads?
Which gland is located behind the tympanic membrane in frogs and toads?
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How do male frogs and toads differ from females in terms of external characteristics?
How do male frogs and toads differ from females in terms of external characteristics?
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What is the primary characteristic of the tympanic membrane?
What is the primary characteristic of the tympanic membrane?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the hindlimbs of frogs and toads?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the hindlimbs of frogs and toads?
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What is a unique feature of the forelimb structure in frogs?
What is a unique feature of the forelimb structure in frogs?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System
- Two layers: Epidermis and Dermis
-
Epidermis
- Stratum Corneum: Outermost layer, composed of dead, flattened cells. This layer is shed during molting.
- Stratum Germinativum: Innermost layer, composed of living cells that constantly divide and replace the shed stratum corneum.
- Stratum Spongiosum: Loosely arranged connective tissue and blood vessels. Contains poison and mucous glands.
- Stratum Compactum: Layers of tightly packed white fibrous connective tissue.
### External Anatomy
-
Anatomical Directions:
- Anterior: Head end
- Posterior: Tail end
- Dorsal: Back side
- Ventral: Belly side
-
Planes of the Body:
- Frontal: Dorsal and ventral sections
- Sagittal (longitudinal): Right and left sections
- Transverse (cross): Anterior and posterior sections
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Terms:
- Medial: Near the middle
- Lateral: To the sides
- Proximal: Part of a structure nearer to the origin
- Distal: Part farther from the origin
-
Axial Region:
- Head and trunk, connected by a short neck.
- Snout: Pointed most anterior portion of the head.
- External Nares: Pair of openings at the tip of the snout.
- Eyes: Bulging eyes at the dorsolateral portion of the head. They have upper and lower eyelids, and a nictitating membrane.
- Tympanic Membrane (eardrum): Ovoid region of tightly drawn skin covering the auditory canal.
- Paratoid Gland/ Poison gland: Large swelling behind the tympanic membrane on each side of the head.
- Cloacal Aperture: Opening on the dorsal side, at the most posterior part of the trunk
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Appendicular Region:
-
Forelimbs (anterior pair): Short limbs comprised of:
- Upper arm
- Forearm
- Wrist/carpus
- Hand/manus (bearing four digits and a rudimentary thumb, prepollux).
-
Hindlimbs (posterior pair): Long limbs comprised of:
- Thigh
- Shank
- Ankle/tarsus
- Foot/pes (bearing five digits and a rudimentary toe, prehallux). Hindlimbs have webbed toes.
-
Forelimbs (anterior pair): Short limbs comprised of:
External Sex Determining Characteristics
-
Male:
- Dark pigmentation on the ventral side of the head, near the angles of the jaw.
- Enlarged thumb pads on the inner fingers, used during amplexus (false copulation).
-
Female:
- No distinct pigmentation on the ventral side of the head.
- No swollen thumb pads.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the integumentary system, including the layers of the skin and the anatomical directions and planes of the body. This quiz covers essential terms and concepts important for understanding external anatomy.
