Integument and Mammals Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of eccrine glands?

  • To waterproof and lubricate hair and skin
  • To secrete a viscous fluid involved in scent production
  • To secrete a watery fluid primarily for evaporative cooling (correct)
  • To provide chemical communication between mammals

    • Which of the following correctly describes a function of the apocrine glands?

  • They secrete an oily substance that waterproofs skin.
  • They begin to function at sexual maturity and are associated with hair follicles. (correct)
  • They primarily assist in thermoregulation through evaporative cooling.
  • They are found in hairless regions and function before puberty.

    • How do spines of animals like porcupines serve as a defense mechanism?

  • They produce heat to keep the animal warm during threats.
  • They cause physical injury to potential predators. (correct)
  • They camouflage the animal from predators.
  • They emit a foul odor to deter attackers.

    • What role do raised hairs play in communication among some mammals?

    <p>They can convey warnings of anger or fear. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one significant characteristic of nocturnal and burrowing mammals regarding their tactile information?

    <p>Their sensory hairs are often particularly long. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with overactive sebaceous glands?

    <p>Acne (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of molting in animals like snowshoe hares and arctic foxes?

    <p>It allows them to adapt their camouflage according to season. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for producing sebum, which waterproofs and lubricates hair and skin?

    <p>Sebaceous glands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding scent glands is true?

    <p>Scent glands can have varied locations across different species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant characteristic differentiates antlers from true horns?

    <p>Antlers are shed annually, whereas true horns are permanent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure primarily produces and secretes milk in mammary glands?

    <p>Alveoli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which manner do mammary glands usually deliver milk to the young?

    <p>Via ducts or directly to the surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do true horns play in the animal kingdom?

    <p>Serve as a permanent structure for combat and protection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subclass of mammals is classified under Monotremata?

    <p>Echidna (B), Duck-billed platypus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of keratinocytes in the epidermis?

    <p>To produce keratin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the epidermis contains dead cells filled with keratin?

    <p>Stratum Corneum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the general function of sebaceous glands in mammals?

    <p>To keep skin moist and reduce water loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mammals are classified as Eutheria?

    <p>Viviparous mammals with a placenta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure in the skin is responsible for generating hair?

    <p>Hair follicle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the muscle that raises hair follicles and creates goosebumps?

    <p>Arrector pili muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which order of mammals includes both primates and carnivores?

    <p>Theria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Mammalian Integument

    Mammalian skin, encompassing epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, with various specialized structures like hair and glands.

    Epidermis

    Outermost layer of skin; a stratified epithelium with keratinocytes producing keratin.

    Keratinocytes

    Epidermal cells that produce keratin, a tough protein.

    Stratum Corneum

    Outermost epidermal layer; dead keratinized cells forming a waterproof barrier.

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    Stratum Basale

    Innermost epidermal layer; cells continuously dividing to replace the outer layers.

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    Hair follicle

    Structures embedded in the dermis from which hair grows.

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    Sebaceous glands

    Skin glands that secrete oily substances.

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    Mammals (Classification)

    Vertebrate animals characterized by hair/fur, mammary glands, and three main subclasses (Prototheria, Metatheria, Eutheria).

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    Eccrine Glands

    Sweat glands not associated with hair follicles, functioning before puberty, secreting a watery fluid primarily for evaporative cooling.

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    Apocrine Glands

    Sweat glands associated with hair follicles, becoming active at sexual maturity, secreting a viscous fluid that can create body odor.

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    Integument Glands

    Various glands in the skin (mammals), that are derivatives of the epidermis, categorized into different types.

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    Communication (Integument)

    Raised hair can communicate warnings of anger or fear, controlled by arrector pili muscles.

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    Tactile (Integument)

    Provides tactile information from the surroundings, often particularly long in nocturnal and burrowing mammals.

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    Defense (Integument)

    Spines of animals (porcupines, hedgehogs) offer defense against predators.

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    Scent glands

    Modified glands (sebaceous or apocrine) that secrete pheromones for communication (territory, warnings, defense).

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    Mammary glands

    Female mammal glands that produce milk for offspring. Present in males in a rudimentary form.

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    True Horns

    Keratinized coverings of bone; never shed, and grow continuously.

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    Antlers

    Bony outgrowths that are shed and regrown annually, usually found in males.

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    Pheromones

    Chemical signals secreted by animals to communicate.

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    Study Notes

    Subphylum Vertebrata - Mammalia

    • Mammals are a subgroup of vertebrates.
    • They are introduced in the study.
    • Their integument (skin) is discussed in multiple categories.

    Integument - General

    • The epidermis is the outer layer of skin.
    • It is a stratified epithelium made up of multiple layers of cells.
    • Keratinocytes, present in the epidermis, produce keratin.
    • Stratum corneum is the outermost layer of dead keratinized cells.
    • Stratum basale, underneath the stratum corneum, contains undifferentiated cells that generate newer epidermal layers.
    • Specialized modifications of the epidermis, such as glands and hair follicles, reside in the dermis.
    • Sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair follicles and nerve endings are present in the dermis

    Integument - Hair

    • Hair has various functions.
    • Insulation is one of its most important functions.
    • Hair can indicate or communicate warnings of aggression or fear.
    • This is because raised hair is a sign of anger or fear, controlled by the arrector pili muscle.
    • It provides tactile information from the environment.
    • Nocturnal and burrowing mammals are known to have long hair that aids in sensing the surrounding area.
    • It plays a protective role. (e.g. spines of porcupines).
    • Hair can also provide camouflage.
    • Seasonal changes may result in hair changes in animals (e.g., snowshoe hare, arctic foxes).

    Integument - Glands

    • Mammals have a wide range of glands in their integument.
    • All glands are derivatives of the epidermis.
    • They are categorized in four main groups.

    1. Sweat Glands

    • (i) Eccrine glands: Not connected to hair follicles, active before puberty.
    • They secrete a watery fluid, primarily a sodium chloride solution, and play a pivotal role in evaporative cooling.
    • They are found in hairless regions like foot pads.
    • (ii) Apocrine glands: Connected to hair follicles, become functional in maturity.
    • Secretions are viscous fluids and are involved in chemical communication.
    • They are found around genitals, armpits.
    • Secretions can create odors when interacting with bacteria.

    2. Sebaceous Glands

    • These glands are found all over the body in association with the hair follicles, including copious quantities in the scalp and face.
    • They produce an oily secretion called sebum that lubricates and waterproofs hair and skin.
    • Overactive glands can result in acne.

    3. Scent Glands

    • Modified sebaceous or apocrine glands.
    • Secrete pheromones used to communicate or mark territory, warn or intimidate.
    • Locations differ greatly depending on the species (e.g., deer, skunks, wolves).

    4. Mammary Glands

    • Present in all female mammals, and in males in a rudimentary form.
    • These glands produce and release milk for nursing offspring in the process of lactation.
    • Composed of alveoli (clusters of milk producing glands), which open into ducts.

    Integument - Specializations

    • True Horns: Keratinized coverings around bone cores, not branched, found in both sexes.
    • Antlers: Bone cores covered in vascularized skin (velvet), branched, typically found in males, shed annually. They are used for social display, fighting, and recognition.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the integumentary system of mammals, focusing on the structure and function of the skin, including the epidermis and dermal components. Additionally, it explores the significance of hair in mammals, emphasizing its role in insulation and communication. Test your understanding of how these features contribute to the biology of vertebrates.

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